Supplementary Appendices for "Electoral Accountability for Rising Tuition in the US: Evidence from a Survey Experiment and Observational Data"

Tuition levels in the US have been rising at an above-the-inflation pace, leading to spiraling student debt levels and negative effects on students’ well-being. While student outcomes of rising tuition are well known, the political reasons behind the decisions of policy makers to contain tuition increases or not remain poorly understood. In this article, we focus on electoral accountability that policy makers face for rising tuition by examining voters' reactions. Using a survey experiment with a sample of US adults (N = 1040), we show that clarity of responsibility is an important factor affecting reactions to rising tuition levels. When voters are informed about the role of the government in tuition setting, they are more likely to vote out policy makers responsible for cuts in funding. We show a similar relationship in observational data using a nationally representative survey from Cooperative Congressional Election Study. State governors' approval is lower in states where tuition levels increased recently, and the relationship is moderated by the visibility of government in tuition-setting. By demonstrating that policy makers face repercussions for rising tuition but are able to avoid blame in certain conditions, we contribute to scholarly understanding of preferences of policy makers in higher education

Supplementary materials – Electoral Accountability for Rising Tuition in the US: Evidence From a Survey Experiment and Observational Data

This file provides supplementary materials for the article "Electoral accountability for rising tuition in the US: evidence from a survey experiment and observational data". We provide more information about survey experiment demographics and robustness checks for the tests in the article.Correspondence concerning this material should be addressed to Zhamilya Mukasheva, School of Public Policy, London School of Economics. Email: [email protected]</p

Supplementary data – Electoral Accountability for Rising Tuition in the US: Evidence From a Survey Experiment and Observational Data

This file provides supplementary data for the article "Electoral accountability for rising tuition in the US: evidence from a survey experiment and observational data". Correspondence concerning this material should be addressed to Zhamilya Mukasheva, School of Public Policy, London School of Economics. Email: [email protected]</p

Pharmacy services to UK emergency departments : a descriptive study

Objective To describe current hospital pharmacy services and facilities provided to United Kingdom Emergency Departments (EDs), identify potential roles for pharmacy technicians and possible benefits pharmacists may bring to the ED. Setting Emergency care specialist interest group workshop at an UK Clinical Pharmacy Association (UKCPA) conference in 2004. Workshop attendance was open to pharmacists and technicians. Method A descriptive study using a voluntary self-completed questionnaire covering ED services, pharmacy services and facilities to the ED and potential roles and benefits. Results Of 40 questionnaires distributed, 31/40 (78%) were returned representing 25 NHS hospitals. Most (72%) EDs received some level of pharmacy service. Emergency Department skill-mix, ED service models and pharmacy services varied. Pharmacists’ current roles were similar across EDs, with input into guideline development and review 12/25 (48%), patient group directions 11/25 (44%), provision of training 11/25 (44%), provision of advice (general and clinical)/liaison 10/25 (40%) and drug history taking 11/25 (40%). Potential roles identified for pharmacy technicians included assessment of patients’ own drugs, support for drug history taking, stock management and drug storage. Further benefits pharmacists could bring to EDs included rationalisation of medicines on admission, identification of ADRs causing admission, support with complex medicine issues, new prescribing skills, supporting the maximum waiting time target and facilitating discharge. Conclusion Pharmacy services have developed to support service provision in EDs with similar roles to in-patient pharmacists. Pharmacy services in some EDs are now extensive with funded, full-time pharmacy posts but pharmacy service review is required to optimise ED patient care where there is limited or no current pharmacy input. New pharmacy services must fit with local ED service models and skill mix. Evaluation of these new services is vital to maximise benefit to patients and the NHS.Peer reviewe