The Mars Environmental Dynamics Analyzer, MEDA. A Suite of Environmental Sensors for the Mars 2020 Mission

86 pags., 49 figs., 24 tabs.NASA’s Mars 2020 (M2020) rover mission includes a suite of sensors to monitor current environmental conditions near the surface of Mars and to constrain bulk aerosol properties from changes in atmospheric radiation at the surface. The Mars Environmental Dynamics Analyzer (MEDA) consists of a set of meteorological sensors including wind sensor, a barometer, a relative humidity sensor, a set of 5 thermocouples to measure atmospheric temperature at ∼1.5 m and ∼0.5 m above the surface, a set of thermopiles to characterize the thermal IR brightness temperatures of the surface and the lower atmosphere. MEDA adds a radiation and dust sensor to monitor the optical atmospheric properties that can be used to infer bulk aerosol physical properties such as particle size distribution, non-sphericity, and concentration. The MEDA package and its scientific purpose are described in this document as well as how it responded to the calibration tests and how it helps prepare for the human exploration of Mars. A comparison is also presented to previous environmental monitoring payloads landed on Mars on the Viking, Pathfinder, Phoenix, MSL, and InSight spacecraft.This work has been funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, through the projects No. ESP2014-54256-C4-1-R (also -2-R, -3-R and -4-R) and AYA2015-65041-P; Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities, projects No. ESP2016-79612-C3-1-R (also -2-R and -3-R), ESP2016-80320-C2-1-R, RTI2018-098728-B-C31 (also -C32 and -C33) and RTI2018-099825-B-C31; Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial; Ministry of Science and Innovation’s Centre for the Development of Industrial Technology; Grupos Gobierno Vasco IT1366-19; and European Research Council Consolidator Grant no 818602. The US co-authors performed their work under sponsorship from NASA’s Mars 2020 project, from the Game Changing Development program within the Space Technology Mission Directorate and from the Human Exploration and Operations Directorate

Introducción al patrimonio geológico de interés turístico de la Red Española de Reservas de la Biosfera

160 p.Esta publicación se ha realizado con el objetivo de describir el origen y formación de una buena parte del patrimonio geológico de interés turístico de la Red Española de Reservas de la Biosfera para que éste sea conocido y pueda ser utilizado como motor de desarrollo económico local. La necesidad de dar a conocer este sorprendente patrimonio natural de la Red español de Reservas de la Biosfera fue constatada por su Consejo de Gestores que encargó el trabajo a su Consejo Científico. La publicación tiene la vocación de ser accesible para todos los públicos. Sin embargo, parte de un trabajo bibliográfico profundo abordado con una rigurosa metodología científica. Es además el fruto de una continua colaboración de los editores con las personas gestoras de las Reservas de la Biosfera españolas, así como con varios miembros de su Consejo Científico asesor.Instituto Geológico y Minero de España, Españ

The Mars Environmental Dynamics Analyzer, MEDA. A Suite of Environmental Sensors for the Mars 2020 Mission

86 pags, 49 figs, 24 tabsNASA's Mars 2020 (M2020) rover mission includes a suite of sensors to monitor current environmental conditions near the surface of Mars and to constrain bulk aerosol properties from changes in atmospheric radiation at the surface. The Mars Environmental Dynamics Analyzer (MEDA) consists of a set of meteorological sensors including wind sensor, a barometer, a relative humidity sensor, a set of 5 thermocouples to measure atmospheric temperature at ∼1.5 m and ∼0.5 m above the surface, a set of thermopiles to characterize the thermal IR brightness temperatures of the surface and the lower atmosphere. MEDA adds a radiation and dust sensor to monitor the optical atmospheric properties that can be used to infer bulk aerosol physical properties such as particle size distribution, non-sphericity, and concentration. The MEDA package and its scientific purpose are described in this document as well as how it responded to the calibration tests and how it helps prepare for the human exploration of Mars. A comparison is also presented to previous environmental monitoring payloads landed on Mars on the Viking, Pathfinder, Phoenix, MSL, and InSight spacecraft.This work has been funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, through the projects No. ESP2014-54256-C4-1-R (also -2-R, -3-R and -4-R) and AYA2015-65041-P; Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities, projects No. ESP2016-79612-C3-1-R (also -2-R and -3-R), ESP2016-80320-C2-1-R, RTI2018-098728-B-C31 (also -C32 and -C33) and RTI2018-099825-B-C31; Instituto Nacional de Tecnica Aeroespacial; Ministry of Science and Innovation's Centre for the Development of Industrial Technology; Grupos Gobierno Vasco IT1366-19; and European Research Council Consolidator Grant no 818602.Peer reviewe

Pubertad precoz y tardía

La pubertad es un proceso complejo secundario a la activación y maduración del eje hipotálamo-hipófiso-gonadal (HHG). En su desarrollo intervienen factores genéticos y ambientales. La causa más frecuente de pubertad precoz (PP) es la activación del eje HHG o pubertad precoz central (PPC), existiendo una PP periférica (PPP) por incremento de esteroides sexuales no regulados por gonadotropinas y una forma mixta de inicio periférico y desencadenamiento posterior de una PPC. La PP por la exposición temprana a niveles elevados de estrógenos puede llevar a la afectación de la talla adulta por el cierre precoz de las epífisis si el diagnóstico y el tratamiento no son precoces.A veces tiene importantes implicaciones psicológicas y sociales. El tratamiento se basa en análogos de GnRH en la PPC y en la forma mixta y terapia frenadora de la síntesis y acción de los esteroides sexuales y etiológica en la PPP. La pubertad retrasada se define como la falta de comienzo puberal a los 13 años en la niña y 14 en el varón. La causa más frecuente es el retraso constitucional que aunque finalmente se consigue una maduración sexual completa y una talla adecuada puede tener un impacto psicológico negativo. Menos frecuente es el retraso o ausencia de la pubertad secundaria a causa orgánica, genética o sindrómica, que comprende los hipogonadismos hipo o hipergonadotropos de distintas etiologías. El tratamiento, si se puede, debe ser etiológico y hay que inducir la pubertad en el varón con testosterona a dosis progresivas por vía intramuscular o subcutánea y luego mantener la virilización con testosterona en parches o gel y en la niña la inducción de la pubertad se hará con estrógenos orales o transdérmico a bajas dosis añadiendo posteriormente gestágenos cíclicos

Recomendaciones prácticas en relación a la gestión de la geodiversidad y el patrimonio geológico en la red de reservas de la biosfera

Sociedad Geológica de España. Comisión de Patrimonio Geológico. Reunión Nacional (12º. 2017. Mahón, España)La Red Mundial de las Reservas de la Biosfera, está reconocida por el Programa Hombre y Biosfera (MaB) de la UNESCO. Esta red tiene como objetivo conciliar la conservación de la naturaleza con el desarrollo socio-económico sostenible, tomando como base la investigación, la capacitación, la interpretación y la educación para la sostenibilidad de la población residente. Los 48 espacios que constituyen la Red de Reservas de la Biosfera Estatal (RRRBE) abarcan un número importante de Lugares de Interés Geológico (LIG) inventariados a diferentes escalas, siendo 50 de ellos de importancia internacional (Geosites). Pese a que en la RRRBE se han implementado diversas acciones de gestión sobre este patrimonio geológico, lamentablemente, todavía no han sido realizadas con una metodología estandarizada englobada en una estrategia de gestión planificada. En este trabajo se propone una serie de recomendaciones para conseguir este objetivo.Área de Patrimonio Geológico y Minero, Instituto Geológico y Minero de España, EspañaÁrea de Geología Ambiental y Geomatemáticas, Instituto Geológico y Minero de España, EspañaBiosfera XXI, Estudios Ambientales, EspañaServicio de la Reserva de la Biosfera de Urdaibai, Departamento de Medio Ambiente, Planificación Territorial y Vivienda del Gobierno Vasco, Españ

Curiosity's rover environmental monitoring station: Overview of the first 100 sols

In the first 100 Martian solar days (sols) of the Mars Science Laboratory mission, the Rover Environmental Monitoring Station (REMS) measured the seasonally evolving diurnal cycles of ultraviolet radiation, atmospheric pressure, air temperature, ground temperature, relative humidity, and wind within Gale Crater on Mars. As an introduction to several REMS-based articles in this issue, we provide an overview of the design and performance of the REMS sensors and discuss our approach to mitigating some of the difficulties we encountered following landing, including the loss of one of the two wind sensors. We discuss the REMS data set in the context of other Mars Science Laboratory instruments and observations and describe how an enhanced observing strategy greatly increased the amount of REMS data returned in the first 100 sols, providing complete coverage of the diurnal cycle every 4 to 6 sols. Finally, we provide a brief overview of key science results from the first 100 sols. We found Gale to be very dry, never reaching saturation relative humidities, subject to larger diurnal surface pressure variations than seen by any previous lander on Mars, air temperatures consistent with model predictions and abundant short timescale variability, and surface temperatures responsive to changes in surface properties and suggestive of subsurface layering.Peer Reviewe

Pressure observations by the Curiosity rover: Initial results

REMS-P, the pressure measurement subsystem of the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) Rover Environmental Measurement Station (REMS), is performing accurate observations of the Martian atmospheric surface pressure. It has demonstrated high data quality and good temporal coverage, carrying out the first in situ pressure observations in the Martian equatorial regions. We describe the REMS-P initial results by MSL mission sol 100 including the instrument performance and data quality and illustrate some initial interpretations of the observed features. The observations show both expected and new phenomena at various spatial and temporal scales, e.g., the gradually increasing pressure due to the advancing Martian season signals from the diurnal tides as well as various local atmospheric phenomena and thermal vortices. Among the unexpected new phenomena discovered in the pressure data are a small regular pressure drop at every sol and pressure oscillations occurring in the early evening. We look forward to continued high-quality observations by REMS-P, extending the data set to reveal characteristics of seasonal variations and improved insights into regional and local phenomena.Peer reviewe

Curiosity's rover environmental monitoring station: Overview of the first 100 sols

In the first 100 Martian solar days (sols) of the Mars Science Laboratory mission, the Rover Environmental Monitoring Station (REMS) measured the seasonally evolving diurnal cycles of ultraviolet radiation, atmospheric pressure, air temperature, ground temperature, relative humidity, and wind within Gale Crater on Mars. As an introduction to several REMS‐based articles in this issue, we provide an overview of the design and performance of the REMS sensors and discuss our approach to mitigating some of the difficulties we encountered following landing, including the loss of one of the two wind sensors. We discuss the REMS data set in the context of other Mars Science Laboratory instruments and observations and describe how an enhanced observing strategy greatly increased the amount of REMS data returned in the first 100 sols, providing complete coverage of the diurnal cycle every 4 to 6 sols. Finally, we provide a brief overview of key science results from the first 100 sols. We found Gale to be very dry, never reaching saturation relative humidities, subject to larger diurnal surface pressure variations than seen by any previous lander on Mars, air temperatures consistent with model predictions and abundant short timescale variability, and surface temperatures responsive to changes in surface properties and suggestive of subsurface layering. Key Points Introduction to the REMS results on MSL mission Overiview of the sensor information Overview of operational constraintsPeer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/108302/1/jgre20265.pd

The roles played by the British Chiefs of Staff Committee in the evolution of Britain's nuclear weapon planning and policy-making, 1945-55

SIGLEAvailable from British Library Document Supply Centre- DSC:DX84631 / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreGBUnited Kingdo

REMS: the environmental sensor suite for the Mars Science Laboratory rover

The Rover Environmental Monitoring Station (REMS) will investigate environ- mental factors directly tied to current habitability at the Martian surface during the Mars Sci- ence Laboratory (MSL) mission. Three major habitability factors are addressed by REMS: the thermal environment, ultraviolet irradiation, and water cycling. The thermal environment is determined by a mixture of processes, chief amongst these being the meteorological. Ac- cordingly, the REMS sensors have been designed to record air and ground temperatures, pressure, relative humidity, wind speed in the horizontal and vertical directions, as well as ultraviolet radiation in different bands. These sensors are distributed over the rover in four places: two booms located on the MSL Remote Sensing Mast, the ultraviolet sensor on the rover deck, and the pressure sensor inside the rover body. Typical daily REMS observa- tions will collect 180 minutes of data from all sensors simultaneously (arranged in 5 minute hourly samples plus 60 additional minutes taken at times to be decided during the course of the mission). REMS will add significantly to the environmental record collected by prior missions through the range of simultaneous observations including water vapor; the ability to take measurements routinely through the night; the intended minimum of one Martian year of observations; and the first measurement of surface UV irradiation. In this paper, we describe the scientific potential of REMS measurements and describe in detail the sensors that constitute REMS and the calibration proceduresPeer Reviewe