Nutrient Adequacy Among Pregnant Women With Altered Iodine Status

Background: Pregnant women, are one of the most vulnerable groups for iodine deficiency. Alteration in the nutritional status during pregnancy can have a significant impact on maternofoetal health outcomes. Evidence relating to macro and micronutrient requirements, their deficiency its risks, and consequences still remain a gap of knowledge. Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the nutrient intake of pregnant women with altered iodine status in the Mysuru region. Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted and random spot urine samples (n=110) were collected to determine Urinary iodine concentration (UIC). Three-day 24hr recall and FFQ were collected to assess the nutrient intake. Adequacy percent and ratio was calculated for both macro and micronutrients and ANOVA was employed to find the significance among different groups. Results: Intake of both macro and micronutrients were insufficient in UIC\u3c150μg/L and UIC\u3e500μg/L groups except for carbohydrate. A significant difference (

Inhibition of 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl Coenzyme A Reductase ( Ex Vivo

Phytochemicals are the bioactive components that contribute to the prevention of cardiovascular and other degenerative diseases. Inhibition of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG CoA) reductase would be an effective means of lowering plasma cholesterol in humans. The present study explores the HMG CoA reductase inhibitory effect of extracts from leaves of Morus indica varieties, M5, V1, and S36, compared with the statin, using an ex vivo method. The assay is based on the stoichiometric formation of coenzyme A during the reduction of microsomal HMG CoA to mevalonate. Dechlorophyllised extract of three varieties was studied at 300 µg. The coenzyme A released at the end of assay in control (100.31 nmoles) and statins (94.46 nm) was higher than the dechlorphyllised extracts of the samples. The coenzyme A released during the reduction of HMG CoA to mevalonate in dechlorophyllised extracts of the samples was as follows: S36 < M5 < V1. The results indicated that the samples were highly effective in inhibiting the enzyme compared to statins (standard drug). The results indicate the role of Morus varieties extracts in modulating the cholesterol metabolism by inhibiting the activity of HMG CoA reductase. These results provide scope for designing in vivo animal studies to confirm their effect

Effect of Ficus racemosa stem bark on the activities of carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzymes: An in vitro study

Herbal medicines have been used since prehistoric times by different cultures worldwide for the treatment of diabetes. The present investigation evaluated the effect of Ficus racemosa Linn. (Moraceae) stem bark on carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzymes, viz., porcine pancreatic alpha-amylase, rat intestinal alpha-glucosidase, sucrase, and almond beta-glucosidase, using in vitro model systems. In addition, the effect of heat treatment was also studied. Untreated F. racemosa bark (FRB) significantly inhibited (p < 0.05) alpha-amylase, alpha-glucosidase, beta-glucosidase, and sucrase in a dose-dependent manner. Heat treatment of the sample comparably increased alpha-amylase, alpha-glucosidase, and sucrase inhibitory activities, while a marginal decrease in beta-glucosidase inhibitory activity was observed; however, no statistical differences were noted. Untreated FRB showed IC(50) values of 0.94% and 280, 212, and 367 mu g/mL for alpha-amylase, alpha-glucosidase, beta-glucosidase, and sucrase, respectively, while the IC(50) values for heat treated FRB were 0.58% and 259, 223, and 239 mu g/mL, respectively. Further, a significant correlation (p < 0.01; r = 0.791) was observed between alpha-amylase, alpha-glucosidase, beta-glucosidase, and sucrase inhibitory activities of both untreated and heat treated FRB. The results clearly demonstrate that inhibition of carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzymes is one mechanism through which F. racemosa stem bark exerts its hypoglycemic effect in vivo. Therefore, the potential exists to explore the utilization of F. racemosa stem bark in the development of nutraceuticals and functional foods for the management of diabetes and related symptoms/disorders.</

Nutritionally important starch fractions and estimated glycemic index of selected South Indian rice varieties

The nutritionally important starch fractions and in vitro starch digestibility index (SDI) were studied in three commercially available rice varieties and a millet which were subjected to four different cooking methods to validate the claim of low glycemic index. The Hydrolysis index was analyzed to compute Estimated Glycemic Index (EGI) and correlated with SDI. In addition, carbohydrate profile, amylose content, the degree of gelatinization and ultra-structural analysis were also done. The starch fractions differed according to the cooking methods. Samples with high Rapidly Available Glucose (RAG) showed higher Starch Digestibility Index (SDI). The SDI ranged from 17-46, samples cooked by pressure and steaming method had higher SDI. The degree of gelatinization (DG) correlated with total starch (TS) content. The Estimated Glycemic Index ranged from 53-65 categorizing them as medium GI foods. The nutritional properties of rice starch fractions are of immense interest due to their digestion characteristics (slowly digested and absorbed) and therefore, the identification of foods with low glycemic index and low RDS and SDI values could be useful for target population

Pregnancy outcome as influenced by dietary versus insulin management among gdm mothers

Gestational diabetes is a metabolic disorder characterised by carbohydrate intolerance first during pregnancy associated with foetal and maternal complications. Objectives: To assess the pregnancy outcome as influenced by dietary versus insulin management among GDM mothers Methods: A total of 102 pregnant women, visiting the antenatal clinic of Apollo Hospitals, Bangalore were recruited for the study, classified as control and GDM groups based on the blood glucose levels using IADPSG guidelines, each group consisted of 51subjects. GDM group was further classified as diet managed group (n=23) and insulin managed group (n=28) depending on the modes of management. Biochemical profile was analysed and recorded in both groups Results: Non-significantly higher term weight and a lower gestation week of delivery (37 ±1.51 weeks) and significantly higher HbA1c (6.5±1.02%) was observed in the insulin managed group when compared to the diet managed group, while, total cholesterol and triglyceride levels were significantly higher in the diet managed group (p<0.03 and 0.007) respectively. Caesarean section was common in both groups. The mean birth weight of the infants in both groups was comparable (2.9±0.3 and 2.8±0.52 kg). Whereas, significantly higher serum bilirubin levels were observed in infants born to insulin managed women (9 ±4.78 mg/dl), indicating a poor morbidity status in these infants. Interpretation & Conclusion: Medical nutrition therapy and insulin initiation are the two modes of blood glucose management in GDMs which aids in preventing complications and influencing near to normal pregnancy outcome

In vitro hypoglycemic effects of selected dietary fiber sources

The physiological functions of dietary fiber and its role in health promotion and risk reduction of some chronic diseases has been well documented. In the present investigation, the effect of three dietary fiber sources, oats (OA), barley (BA) and psyllium husk (PH) on glucose adsorption, diffusion and starch hydrolysis were studied using in vitro techniques by simulating gastrointestinal conditions and compared with the commercial dietary fiber sources wheat bran (WB), acarbose (ACB) and guar gum (GG). The glucose binding capacity of all the samples was higher than WB and ACB at 5 mM concentration. In all the samples, the diffusion of glucose was directly proportional to the time and diffusion rate was significantly lower (p a parts per thousand currency signaEuro parts per thousand 0.01) in the system containing various samples compared to control. Glucose dialysis retardation index (GDRI) was 100 for OA, BA and PH at 60 min, at 120 min the maximal GDRI was in PH. Whereas; WB and ACB exhibited maximal GDRI at 180 and 240 min. All of these mechanisms might create a concerted function in lowering the rate of glucose absorption and as a result, decrease the postprandial hyperglycemia

Protective Effect of Selected Medicinal Plants against Hydrogen Peroxide Induced Oxidative Damage on Biological Substrates

Oxidative stress is developed due to susceptibility of biological substrates to oxidation by generation of free radicals. In degenerative diseases, oxidative stress level can be reduced by antioxidants which neutralize free radicals. Primary objective of this work was to screen four medicinal plants, namely, Andrographis paniculata, Costus speciosus, Canthium parviflorum, and Abrus precatorius, for their antioxidant property using two biological substrates-RBC and microsomes. The antioxidative ability of three solvent extracts, methanol (100% and 80%) and aqueous leaf extracts, was studied at different concentrations by thiobarbituric acid reactive substances method using Fenton&apos;s reagent to induce oxidation in the substrates. The polyphenol and flavonoid content were analyzed to relate with the observed antioxidant effect of the extracts. The phytochemical screening indicated the presence of flavonoids, polyphenols, tannins, and -carotene in the samples. In microsomes, 80% methanol extract of Canthium and Costus and, in RBC, 80% methanol extract of Costus showed highest inhibition of oxidation and correlated well with the polyphenol and flavonoid content. From the results it can be concluded that antioxidants from medicinal plants are capable of inhibiting oxidation in biological systems, suggesting scope for their use as nutraceuticals

Biosynthesized ZnO-NPs from Morus indica attenuates methylglyoxal-induced protein glycation and RBC damage: In-vitro, in-vivo and molecular docking study

The development of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) inhibitors is considered to have therapeutic potential in diabetic complications inhibiting the loss of the biomolecular function. In the present study, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) were synthesized from aqueous leaf extract of Morus indica and were characterized by various techniques such as ultraviolet (UV)-Vis spectroscopy, Powder X-Ray Diffraction (PXRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Further, the inhibition of AGEs formation after exposure to ZnO-NPs was investigated by in-vitro, in-vivo, and molecular docking studies. Biochemical and histopathological changes after exposure to ZnO-NPs were also studied in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. ZnO-NPs showed an absorption peak at 359 nm with a purity of 92.62% and ~6–12 nm in size, which is characteristic of nanoparticles. The images of SEM showed agglomeration of smaller ZnO-NPs and EDS authenticating that the synthesized nanoparticles were without impurities. The biosynthesized ZnO-NPs showed significant inhibition in the formation of AGEs. The particles were effective against methylglyoxal (MGO) mediated glycation of bovine serum albumin (BSA) by inhibiting the formation of AGEs, which was dose-dependent. Further, the presence of MGO resulted in complete damage of biconcave red blood corpuscles (RBCs) to an irregular shape, whereas the morphological changes were prevented when they were treated with ZnO-NPs leading to the prevention of complications caused due to glycation. The administration of ZnO-NPs (100 mg Kg−1) in streptozotocin(STZ)-induced diabetic rats reversed hyperglycemia and significantly improved hepatic enzymes level and renal functionality, also the histopathological studies revealed restoration of kidney and liver damage nearer to normal conditions. Molecular docking of BSA with ZnO-NPs confirms that masking of lysine and arginine residues is one of the possible mechanisms responsible for the potent antiglycation activity of ZnO-NPs. The findings strongly suggest scope for exploring the therapeutic potential of diabetes-related complications.Fil: Anandan, Satish. University of Mysore; IndiaFil: Mahadevamurthy, Murali. University of Mysore; IndiaFil: Ansari, Mohammad Azam. Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University; Arabia SauditaFil: Alzohairy, Mohammad A.. Al Qassim University; Arabia SauditaFil: Alomary, Mohammad N.. King Abdulaziz City For Science And Technology; Arabia SauditaFil: Siraj, Syeda Farha. University of Mysore; IndiaFil: Nagaraja, Sarjan Halugudde. University of Mysore; IndiaFil: Chikkamadaiah, Mahendra. University of Mysore; IndiaFil: Ramachandrappa, Lakshmeesha Thimappa. University of Mysore; IndiaFil: Krishnappa, Hemanth Kumar Naguvanahalli. University of Mysore; IndiaFil: Ledesma, Ana Estela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet Noa Sur. Centro de Investigación en Biofísica Aplicada y Alimentos. - Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero. Centro de Investigación en Biofísica Aplicada y Alimentos; ArgentinaFil: Nagaraj, Amruthesh Kestur. University of Mysore; IndiaFil: Urooj, Asna. University of Mysore; Indi