Istraživanja u društvenim naukama u Srbiji posle 1990. godine

U tekstu objašnjavamo zbog č ega je kvalitet naučno-istraž ivač kog rada u druš tvenim naukama u Srbiji, i pored jednog broja izuzetnih pojedinaca, u proseku na relativno niskom nivou, kao i š ta bi trebalo preduzeti da bi se to promenilo. Smatramo da se glavni razlog za nisku međunarodnu konkurentnost domać ih istraž ivanja i istraž ivač a u društvenim naukama nalazi u nedovoljno podsticajnom sistemu nagrađivanja i promovisanja naučnih radnika i naučnog rada. Konkurentnost je niska, jer sistem ne podstič e domać e istraž ivač e da proizvode kvalitetna istraživanja, objavljuju u kvalitetnim stranim č asopisima i prestižnim međunarodnim monografijama, i uč estvuju na vrhunskim međunarodnim konferencijama. Niska konkurentnost je ključ na, jer predstavlja uzrok niza drugih problema u druš tvenim naukama u koje spadaju: deskriptivnost u istraž ivanju; izbegavanje kvantitativnih istraživanja i praktič ne primene teorijskih paradigmi; nedovoljno razumevanje teorije; recikliranje sopstvenih, ali i tuđih radova; zastarelost u nastavnim planovima i programima kako na redovnim, tako i na poslediplomskim studijama itd. Posle analize postojećeg stanja, tekst završavamo preporukama o tome kako da se situacija poboljša.The paper explains why the quality of social reseach in Serbia is low. We show that low international competitiveness of the Serbian social science research can be found in the system of perverse incentives that rewards social scientists to put minimal effort to advance on academic ladder and do the research. This can be seen in small number of works and papers published in internationally recognized and prestigious academic journals and rare participation at international conferences and gatherings. Low competitiveness is a consequence of descriptivity in reasearch; retelling other authors\u27s theories, avoidance of quantitaive research; rare application of theoretical paradigms; misunderstanding of theories, recycling of one\u27s own but also others\u27s works, usage of old syllabi in teaching, and a perverse system of teacher selection that is designed to select average students for TAs and university professors. We offer several recommendation to improve the situation

The inheritance of plant height in winter wheat -Triticum aestivum L.-

Four winter wheat varieties (Srbijanka, Partizanka, KG-56 and PKB-111) have been selected for diallel crossing in other to study the mode of inheritance, gene effect and genetic variance components for the plant height in F2 generation. Sixty plants of parents and F2 generation were used for analysis. The mode of inheritance was done on the basis of the significance of components of genetic variance and the regression analysis. The inheritance of plant height in the most crossing combinations was superdominance. The combining ability analysis was found to be highly significant, which means both additive and non-additive type of gene actions. The best general combining ability manifested KG-56 variety, and the best specific combining ability have shown hybrids KG-56 x PKB-111, Srbijanka x PKB-111 and Partizanka x KG-56. The genetic variance components, average degree of dominance and regression line indicated superdominance in the inheritance of plant height. The dominant alleles frequency was higher than recessive alleles frequency, which confirmed the ratio of dominant/recessive alleles

Genetically modified plants - assesments and perspectives

Creation of new genotypes can be realized by using conventional plant breeding and recently by using new biotechnology. Classical breeding technology represents long-term process of genotype creation. New biotechnological methods make possible to overcome this problem and develop transgenic plants for specific utilization. Application of new technology makes it possible to transfer gene to the crop plants by genetic manipulations encoding the desirable traits and developing new genetically modified plants. In this review paper data on research of genetically modified organisms, development of new technology in plant breeding and possibility of its application and intellectual property rights protection in plant breeding will be presented.naslov sadrži grešku u pisanju. Trebalo bi da stoji: Genetically modified plants - assessments and perspective

Tehnološko-tehnički aspekti korišćenja ostataka rezidbe voćaka i vinove loze

One of the most important pomotechnical action for fruit and vine care is pruning. One of the problems which occur as a result of pruning is how to remove biomass from field. In extensive technology this problem is solved by pickup and combustion biomass or chopping and plowing. In both cases biomass is lost as energetically valuable and quantitatively important source of the thermal energy. There for, in order to enhance energetic efficacy, obtaining the optimal technology and technical solutions for the use of fruit and vine pruning residues is a very important task. In our region as a result of extensive production and non rational energy management, collection processing, preparation and using vegetable residues is not in use. The advantage of the use of energy obtained from biomass relies in the fact that the residues obtain on the place of consumption, or in their surrounding. One of the oldest usage of the biomass is the use of it as an energent for heating. In order to obtain better result it is important to prepare biomass. Nowadays the interest to use biomass for obtaining electrical energy or other more valuable fuels increase.Rezidba je jedna od najznačajnijih pomotehničkih mera nege zasada voća i vinove loze. Ostaci rezidbe, kao biomasa, zahtevaju dodatno radno angažovanje, a u izvesnom smislu predstavljaju problem, vezan za njihovo uklanjane sa proizvodnih parcela. U ekstenzivnoj tehnologiji najčešće se vrši sakupljanje i sagorevanje ostataka rezidbe, ili se vrši mlevenje-sitnjenje i zaoravanje. U oba slučaja ostaci rezidbe su izgubljeni kao energetski vredan i količinski značajan izvor toplotne energije. Određivanje optimalnih tehnologija i tehničkih rešenja korišćenja ostataka rezidbe voćaka i vinove loze, radi poboljšanja energetske efikasnosti proizvodnje, predstavlja veoma aktuelni problem. Zbog ekstenzivnije proizvodnje i neracionalnog raspolaganja energijom, u našim uslovima, prikupljanje, obrada, priprema i korišćenje biljnih ostataka nisu našli širu primenu. Pogodnost korišćenja energije iz biomase, kao što su ostaci rezidbe, je u tome što se najčešće nalaze na mestu potrošnje ili u njihovoj blizini. Ostaci rezidbe se mogu koristiti u svom neizmenjenom obliku kao energent u procesima sagorevanja radi dobijanja toplote, kao najstariji način korišćenja.Za najekonomičnije sagorevanje ostataka rezidbe neophodna je njihova priprema, kroz sitnjenje, formiranje snopova, bala i briketa.Sve je veći interes da se biomasa pretvori u drugi vid energije - električnu energiju, ili za dobijanje vrednijih goriva, koja se zatim mogu koristiti u različitim uređajima

Eksploatacioni i energetski aspekti pripreme zemljišta za podizanje višegodišnjih zasada

Intensive soil preparation including both mechanical and human labor is required prior to the planting and establishment of orchards. Due to energy deficiency during the past years attention was focused on rational technology with the aim of decreasing energy input in the cultivation stage. Trenching up to 40 cm (in some cases up to 120 cm) is considered the most demanding operation in the soil cultivation stage. Attempts were made to substitute the trenching operation, however it is still the most important stage on some soil types in practice. In our practice tenching is the traditional technology of soil cultivation for orchard establishment. It is of major importance for loosening the B glay horizon in heavy soil types. It also contributes to favorable conditions for the development of the root system. The aim was to analyze the energetic aspect of trenching by determining fuel consumption per unit of time and cultivated area prior to orchard establishment. In addition, the structure of working hours was monitored as well. Also, technical features of the trenching aggregate were given. The conclusion emerges that energy requirements in the trenching stage may amount to 250 kWh/ha at 72 cm cultivation depths. Therefore, attention should be focused on rational soil cultivation prior to orchard establishment. .Zasnivanje višegodišnjih zasada zahteva intenzivnu pripremu zemljišta pre sadnje što predstavlja veliko angažovanje mehaničkog a i ljudskog rada. Obzirom da se poslednjih godina zbog deficita energije, velika pažnja poklanja primeni racionalnih tehnologija kojima će se postići smanjenje utroška energije pri obavljanju operacija u obradi. Kao najzahtevnija operacija u pripremi zemljišta predstavlja duboka obrada-rigolovanje zemljišta na dubini preko 40 cm, a za neke zasade čak i do 120 cm. I pored pokušaja supstitucije ove operaciji u pripremi zemljišta u praksi još uvek ima značajnu primenu što predstavlja obaveznu meru na određenim tipovima zemljišta Činjenica je da u našoj praksi još uvek preovlađuju tradicionalne tehnologije obrade koje uključuju primenu rigolovanja kao operacije u pripremi zemljišta pre podizanja višegodišnjih zasada. Značaj ovakve duboke obrade ogleda se u rastresanju B glejnog horizonta kod teških tipova zemljišta. Zatim, obezbeđenje povoljnih uslova za razvoj korenovog sistema, pogotovu ako se ima u vidu da višegodišnji zasadi ostaju i nekoliko desetina godina na jednom mestu. U radu je obrađen energetski aspekt duboke obrade rigolovanjem utvrđivanjem potrošnje goriva po jedinici vremena i obrađenoj površini koja se obavlja pre podizanja višegodišnjih zasada. Ispitivanjima su bili obuhvaćeni sledeći pokazatelji: brzina kretanja, vučni otpor, klizanje gusenica, vučna snaga, radni zahvat, specifični otpor zemljišta i učinak. Pored ispitivanja eksploatacionih parametara obavljeno je snimanje strukture radnog vremena. Pored toga date su tehničke karakteristike ispitivanog agregata u rigolovanju. Osnovni zaključak je da rigolovanje angažuje veliku energiju koja se kreće i do 250 kWh/ha za dubine obrade od 72 cm tako da je neophodno posvetiti značajniju pažnju racionalnijim načinima obrade zemljišta pre podizanja višegodišnjih zasada

Pharmacodynamic properties of medicinal plants within eight departments of NM „Šuma Košutnjak“

U ovom radu sprovedena je analiza farmakodinamskih svojstava lekovitih biljaka u okviru osam odeljenja SP „Šuma Košutnjak“. Inventarisanjem lekovite flore na ovom području utrvđeno je prisustvo 101 lekovite vrste. Na osnovu opšteprihvaćene metodologije za analizu farmakodinamskih svojstava, svi lekoviti taksoni su svrstani u ukupno 14 grupa. Dobijeni rezultati farmakodinamske analize pokazuju dominaciju droga koje leče kardiovaskularni, digestivni i respiratorni sistem. Imajući u vidu značaj ovih istraživanja kako bi se, ne samo utvrdila brojnost i farmakodinamska svojstva prisutnih lekovitih vrsta, već i stvorila realna osnova za njihovo racionalno korišćenje u budućnosti, neophodno je nastaviti sa monitoringom na celokupnom području SP „Šuma Košutnjak“.In the paper was conducted analysis of pharmacodynamic properties of medicinal plants within eight departments of NM „Šuma Košutnjak“. Inventory of medicinal flora at this area established presence of total 101 medicinal plants. Baesd on generally accepted methodology for pharmacodynamic properties analysis, all medicinal taxa were classified in 14 groups. Obtained results show domination of the plants that treat cardiovascular, digestive and respiratory system. Bearing in mind the importance of this research, not only for establishing number and pharmacodynamic properties of medicinal plants, but also for creating a realistic basis for their reasonable utilization in the future, it is needed to continue with monitoring at the whole area of NM „Šuma Košutnjak“

Genetic analysis of number of kernels per spike in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

In diallel cross excluding reciprocals of four divergent wheat cultivars (Ana Morava, Gruža, Beograđanka and Pobeda) was derived F2 hybrids. Those four cultivars and F2 hybrids were investigated to estimate the mode of inheritance, gene effects and combining abilities for number of kernels per spike in wheat plants. By analysis was established different mode of inheritance for number of kernels per spike (intermediate, partial dominance, dominance and overdominance). Analysis of variance of combining abilities indicated significant differences for this trait. Obtained results showed that this trait determined by additive and non-additive gene effects. Significant high value of specific combining ability (SCG) in F2 hybrids indicated preponderance of non-additive gene effect. The highest value of general combining ability (GCA) expressed cultivar Ana Morava while the best specific combination was cross of Ana Morava x Beograđanka for number of kernels per spike

PROTEIN CONTENT AND AMINO ACID COMPOSITION IN SEED OF BREAD WHEAT (Triticum aestivum L.)

The aim of this study was determination of protein content and amino acid composition in seeds of bread wheat, with particular focus of evaluation essential amino acids (EAAs). For analysis used flour samples of grained seed of 10 wheat variety, which selected in different breeding center (in Novi Sad and Kragujevac, Serbia). Kjeldahl method was used for determination of nitrogen (N) contents which value multiplied with coefficient 5.7 for computing protein content (protein contents = 5.7 x % N contents). Amino acids analyses of wheat samples were performed by ion exchange chromatography, followed by the ninhydrin colour reaction and photometric detection at 570 nm and 440 nm (for proline). The results showed that the mean protein content for wheat varied from the lowest value 10.24% in Ljubičevka to the highest 14.21% in Fortuna variety. The mean contents (g 100 g-l protein) of nonessential amino acids (NEAAs) were aspartic acid 5.42%, serine 4.23%, glutamic acid 18.51%, proline 12.18%, glycine 4.17%, alanine 3.64%, tyrosine 2.52%, arginine 5.02%, while mean contents of essential amino acids (EAAs) were threonine 2.86%, valine 4.52%, methionine 1.28%, isoleucine 3.87%, leucine 5.87%, phenylalanine 4.62%, histidine 2.46%, lysine 2.91%. The wheat variety contained relatively high concentration of the most deficient EAAs. The variety Ljubičevka contained relatively high concentration of the most deficient EAAs (threonine, valine, leucine, lysine,). The highest value (29.31 g 100 g-l protein) of total essential amino acids (TEAA), 59.79 g 100 g-l protein of total nonessential amino acids (TNEAA) as well as the highest value (90.35 g 100 g-l protein) of total amino acids (TAA). Obtained results provide variability of wheat variety on the base of amino acid contents and indicate reliable variety for selecting desirable parents in breeding program for improving nutrient quality © 2023, Genetika.All Rights Reserved

Dizajn, klasifikacija, perspektiva i moguća aplikacija dronova u poljoprivredu Srbije

The paper analyzes the possibility and the needs for the use of specific types of robots (mini unmanned aircraft with different designs and the designation of UAVs) and the possibility of using in agriculture (agrodrone). The year 2015 was proclaimed (Fortune Magazine, 2016) as the year of increasing and widespread use of UAVs in various areas of human activity, especially in agriculture and forestry (75% of use). This is important for large farm areas, where UAV has many useful functions and a very cost-effective commercial application. Today, the needs for UAVs have increased sharply with various opportunities for both civilian and military needs. There is also a significant interest in the development of new drones that can autonomously fly in different environments and locations and can perform various missions and tasks. Over the past decade, a wide range of applications for drones has gained the significance that led to the discovery of various types of unmanned UAVs of different sizes and weights. In this review, the classification of UAVs ranging based on a detailed overview of the development of the drone industry in recent years, this paper demonstrates the evolution of drones and differents application technologies. Of course, this development is very advanced and revolutionary, as well as the development of mobile and smart phones and the Internet, which will open the way for many users to participate in defining the future of UAV implementation. LIVONA Company, Belgrade, Serbia (and Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture in Belgrade, in tehnical cooperation) has a study and plans on the implementation of the model micro drone EBee SQ Livona RTK in the future general plans for inspection of protection Soils of territory Minicipality of Stara Pazova (351 km2), and agricultural company Napredak, and exspecially plans for soils of agriculture of R. Serbia. VEKOM GeoCompany from Belgrade, (in cooperation with Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture in Belgrade), has a study and plans on the implementation of the model of the drone Aibot KX6 model, in the future of application of agricultural soils of region Open pit Kolubara for area from app. 600 km2 and the other soils of Region). Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture in Belgrade, in cooperation with Municipality of Ub, has a study and plans on the implementation of the model micro drone Hubsan H109S X4 PRO in the future plans general inspection of protection Soils and Waters of territory of Municipality Ub (456 km2).U radu su analizirane mogućnosti i potrebe upotrebe specifičnih vrsta robota (mini bespilotnih letelica sa različitim dizajnom, o značane kao UAV) i način korištenja u poljoprivredi (agrodron). Časopis Fortune je 2015.godinu proglasio kao godinu sve većeg i široko rasprostranjene upotrbe UAV letelica, u različitim oblastima ljudske delatnosti, posebno u poljoprivredi i šumarstvu (75% upotrebe). Ovo je naročito važno za velike farme i oblasti pod šumama, gde UAV ima mnogo korisnih funkcija i veoma isplative komercijalne aplikacije. Danas, potrebe za UAV imaju nagli porast sa različitim mogućnostima kako za civilne tako i za vojne potrebe. Takođe postoji značajan interes za razvoj novih bespilotnih letelica koji mogu autonomno leteti u različitim okruženjima i lokacijama i obaviti različite misije i zadatke. Tokom protekle decenije XXI veka, širok spektar aplikacija za bespilotne letelice je dobio značaj koji je doveo do konstrukcija različitih tipova bespilotnih UAV, različitih veličina i težina i svakako namene. Naravno , tehnološki razvoj kod dron sistema je veoma tehničko -tehnološki napredan i revolucionaran, uz razvoj mobilnih i pametnih (android) telefona i interneta, brzo otvora puteve i mogućnosti za mnoge korisnike u definisanju nove budućnosti implementacije UAV različitim oblastima primene. Kompanija Livona d.o.o., Beograd i Institut za poljoprivrednu tehniku, Poljoprivredni fakultet u Beogradu, u tehničkoj saradnji imaju planove o implementaciji modela mikro drona EBee SK Livona RTK u narednim generalnim planovima za inspekciju, zaštitu i korišćenje poljoprivrednih zemljišta Republike Srbije, i posebno teritorije Opštine Stara Pazova (351 km2), gde je posebno mesto poljoprivrednog preduzeća Napredak a.d. VekomGeo d.o.o, Beograd u saradnji sa Institutom za poljoprivrednu tehniku Poljoprivrednog fakulteta u Beogradu ima planove o budućoj upotrebi drona model Aibot X6, za nadzor na površinama od 600 km2 (i poljoprivredna zemljišta) otvorenog kopa R.B. Kolubara ili drugih objekata. Institut za poljoprivrednu tehniku, Poljoprivredni fakultet u Beogradu, ima planove o saradnji sa opštino m Ub, zbog upotrebe modela mikro drona Hubsan H109S Ks4 PRO u inspekciji oko zaštite i načina korišćenja zemljišta i vo da na ovoj teritoriji (456 km2)