The Process of Creation of Bathymetric Information in Terms of the Set Theory

All types of bathymetric information and its properties are presented. The entire process of creating bathymetric information, beginning from the planning of the bathymetric survey to the post-processing of bathymetric measurements, is described. This process is expressed in terms of the set theory. Therefore, the description of this very complicated process has become easier and more understandable

Bifurcations in the Space of Exponential Maps

This article investigates the parameter space of the exponential family $z\mapsto \exp(z)+\kappa$. We prove that the boundary (in \C) of every hyperbolic component is a Jordan arc, as conjectured by Eremenko and Lyubich as well as Baker and Rippon. In fact, we prove the stronger statement that the exponential bifurcation locus is connected in \C, which is an analog of Douady and Hubbard's celebrated theorem that the Mandelbrot set is connected. We show furthermore that $\infty$ is not accessible through any nonhyperbolic ("queer") stable component. The main part of the argument consists of demonstrating a general "Squeezing Lemma", which controls the structure of parameter space near infinity. We also prove a second conjecture of Eremenko and Lyubich concerning bifurcation trees of hyperbolic components.Comment: 29 pages, 3 figures. The main change in the new version is the introduction of Theorem 1.1 on the connectivity of the bifurcation locus, which follows from the results of the original version but was not explicitly stated. Also, some small revisions have been made and references update

A possible role of tachykinin-related peptide on an immune system activity of mealworm beetle, Tenebrio molitor L.

Tachykinin-related peptides (TRPs) are important neuropeptides. Here we show that they affect the insect immune system, especially the cellular response. We also identify and predict the sequence and structure of the tachykinin-related peptide receptor (TRPR) and confirm the presence of expression of gene encoding TRPR on Tenebrio molitor haemocytes. After application of the Tenmo-TRP-7 in T. molitor the number of circulating haemocytes increased and the number of haemocytes participating in phagocytosis of latex beads decreased in a dose- and time-dependent fashion. Also, Tenmo-TRP-7 affects the adhesion ability of haemocytes. Six hours after injection of TenmoTRP-7, a decrease of haemocyte surface area was observed under both tested Tenmo-TRP-7 concentrations (10-7 and 10-5 M). The opposite effect was reported 24 h after injection, which indicates that the influence of Tenmo-TRP-7 on modulation of haemocyte behaviour differs at different stages of stress response. Tenmo-TRP-7 application also resulted in increased phenoloxidase activity 6 and 24 h after injection. The assessment of DNA integrity of haemocytes showed that the injection of Tenmo-TRP-7 at 10-7 M led to a decrease in DNA damage compared to control individuals. This effect was only visible 6 h after Tenmo-TRP-7 application. After 24 h, Tenmo-TRP-7 injection increased DNA damage. We also confirmed the expression of immune-related genes in nervous tissue of T. molitor. Transcripts for genes encoding receptors participating in pathogen recognition processes and antimicrobial peptides were detected in T. molitor brain, retrocerebral complex and ventral nerve cord. These results may indicate a role of the insect nervous system in pathogen recognition and modulation of immune response similar to vertebrates. Taken together, our results support the notion that tachykinin-related peptides probably play an important role in the regulation of the insect immune system. Moreover, some resemblances with action of tachykininrelated peptides and substance P showed that insects can be potential model organisms for analysis of hormonal regulation of conserved innate immune mechanisms

Complex maps without invariant densities

We consider complex polynomials $f(z) = z^\ell+c_1$ for $\ell \in 2\N$ and $c_1 \in \R$, and find some combinatorial types and values of $\ell$ such that there is no invariant probability measure equivalent to conformal measure on the Julia set. This holds for particular Fibonacci-like and Feigenbaum combinatorial types when $\ell$ sufficiently large and also for a class of `long-branched' maps of any critical order.Comment: Typos corrected, minor changes, principally to Section

Identification and inhibition of carbonic anhydrases from nematodes.

Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are metalloenzymes, and classified into the evolutionarily distinct α, β, γ, δ, ζ, and η classes. α-CAs are present in many living organisms. β- and γ-CAs are expressed in most prokaryotes and eukaryotes, except for vertebrates. δ- and ζ-CAs are present in phytoplanktons, and η-CAs have been found in Plasmodium spp. Since the identification of α- and β-CAs in Caenorhabditis elegans, the nematode CAs have been considered as an emerging target in research focused on antiparasitic CA inhibitors. Despite the presence of α-CAs in both helminths and vertebrates, structural studies have revealed different kinetic and inhibition results. Moreover, lack of β-CAs in vertebrates makes this enzyme as an attractive target for inhibitory studies against helminthic infection. Some CA inhibitors, such as sulfonamides, have been evaluated against nematode CAs. This review article aims to present comprehensive information about the nematode CAs and their inhibitors as potential anthelminthic drugs

74 Ocena skuteczności leczenia przerzutów odległych u chorych na miejscowo wyleczonego raka szyjki macicy

Cel pracyOcena skuteczności leczenia przerzutów odległych u chorych na miejscowo wyleczonego raka szyjki macicy.MetodykaRetrospektywna analiza materiału obejmującego 113 chorych na miejscowo wyleczonego RSM, u których wystąpiły przerzuty odległe. Wszystkie chore badanej grupy były leczone w Krakowskim Oddziale Centrum Onkologii (COOK) w latach 1986–1992. Oceniono wpływ leczenia chirurgicznego na przeżycie chorych oraz efekt paliatywny tego leczenia.WynikiNajczęstszą lokalizacją pierwszego lub pierwszych przerzutów były płuca (37 chorych), kości (26 chorych) i wątroba (20 chorych); ponadto stwierdzono przerzuty do mózgu (11 chorych), obwodowych węzłów chłonnych (11 chorych) i skóry (8 chorych). U [[mml:math altimg="si1.gif"]][[mml:mrow]][[mml:mstyle scriptlevel="1"]][[mml:mfrac bevelled="true"]][[mml:mn]]3[[/mml:mn]][[mml:mn]]4[[/mml:mn]][[/mml:mfrac]][[/mml:mstyle]][[/mml:mrow]][[/mml:math]] chorych stwierdzono przerzuty pojedyncze, u 1/4 mnogie. W ciągu pierwszego roku po leczeniu miejscowym, przerzuty odległe wystąpiły u 42,5% chorych, w ciągu 3 lat u ponad [[mml:math altimg="si1.gif"]][[mml:mrow]][[mml:mstyle scriptlevel="1"]][[mml:mfrac bevelled="true"]][[mml:mn]]3[[/mml:mn]][[mml:mn]]4[[/mml:mn]][[/mml:mfrac]][[/mml:mstyle]][[/mml:mrow]][[/mml:math]] chorych; średni czas wystąpienia przerzutów wynosił 23 miesiące. Spośród 113 chorych badanej grupy, leczenie przyczynowe przerzutów odległych podjęto jedynie u 48 tzn. 42,5% pacjentek; u 3 chorych zastosowano leczenie operacyjne (metastazektomia pojedynczych przerzutów do płuc), u 20 wyłącznie teleradioterapię, u kolejnych 20 wyłącznie chemioterapię, u 5 skojarzenie chemioradioterapii. Od momentu wystąpienia przerzutów odlegfych,odległych, 12 miesięcy przeżyło jedynie 15% chorych badanej grupy, a 24 miesiące 4% chorych.Wnioski1.Zarówno telaradioterapia jak i chemioterapia oparta na cysplatynie z 5-fluorouracylem lub karboplatynie, nie miały statystycznie znamiennego wpływu na przeżycia chorych badanej grupy.2.Telaradioterapia jest skuteczną metodą łagodzenia dolegliwości u chorych z przerzutami RSM do kości, obwodowych węzłów chłonnych i skóry