北米クルーズの現状と課題

「北米クルーズ業界の現況と将来展望」１） にてクルーズの揺籃期から１９９９年までの発展過程について考察を試みたが、その後の２０００年から２００４年までの状況についての動向をみてみる。２００１年の同時多発テロはクルーズ業界に大きな影響を与えた。乗船客の減少による船会社の倒産が発生し、それをきっかけに大手船会社による中小船会社の買収による合併もおき、１９９０年代とはクルーズ産業を取り巻く環境が大きく変化を遂げている。そのような状況下でも北米クルーズ業はますます発展を遂げている。しかしそこには他産業と同様に成長過程における淘汰があり、その提供サービスを仔細に分析してみると従来とは違った点が多々出てきており、それにともない課題も浮かび上がってきている。それらについて考察を試みる。I viewed a trend about the situation of the North America Cruise industry from 2000 to 2004. The synchronized terrorist attacks of 2001 gave the industry big influence. Bankruptcy of the cruise ship companies by decrease of embarkation visitors occurred, and merger by the purchase of the medium or small size cruise ship companies by major ones happened. Environment to surround Cruise industry accomplishes a change greatly. The North America Cruise business is developing under such situation more and more. Though as for the offer service, a different point leaves many conventionally. Problems rise with it, too

ハイデガー ニオケル シ ト ジコ ノ モンダイ ソンザイ ト ジカン オ チュウシンニ ２０ゴウ キネンゴウ

ハイデガーの〈死〉それ自体は、『存在と時間』(一九一七)の主題が｢存在の意味に対する問い｣の答えの探求にある以上、確かに最も重要な問題対象ではない。しかし〈死〉は、世界内存在(In der Weltsein)の一つの｢終わり｣として、｢存在しうることに、言い換えれば、実存に属しているのであって、 ..

Impact of River Morphological Changes on Floodplain Vegetation

Source: ICHE Conference Archive - https://mdi-de.baw.de/icheArchiv

C-Arm-Free Minimally Invasive Cervical Pedicle Screw Fixation (MICEPS): A Technical Note

A minimally invasive posterolateral approach designed to avoid the lateral misplacement of midcervical pedicle screws was reported, but there is no technical report that describes this technique without C-arm fluoroscopy. We report the results of a 2.5 years follow-up of a 62-year-old female patient with C4 metastatic breast cancer. The patient suffered from severe neck pain and impending quadriplegia for 2 months after radiation therapy. We performed C-arm-free minimally invasive cervical pedicle screw fixation (MICEPS). The patient was suc-cessfully treated with surgery, and her neck pain was well controlled. She had neither neurological deficits nor neck pain at the final (2.5-year) follow-up. C-arm-free MICEPS is a useful technique; in addition, the sur-geons and staff have no risk of radiation exposure, there is a reduced need for postoperative imaging, and a decreased revision rate can be expected with C-arm-free MICEPS

DNA base flipping by a base pair-mimic nucleoside

On the basis of non-covalent bond interactions in nucleic acids, we synthesized the deoxyadenosine derivatives tethering a phenyl group (X) and a naphthyl group (Z) by an amide linker, which mimic a Watson–Crick base pair. Circular dichroism spectra indicated that the duplexes containing X and Z formed a similar conformation regardless of the opposite nucleotide species (A, G, C, T and an abasic site analogue F), which was not observed for the natural duplexes. The [Formula: see text] values among the natural duplexes containing the A/A, A/G, A/C, A/T and A/F pairs differed by 5.2 kcal mol(−1) while that among the duplexes containing X or Z in place of the adenine differed by only 1.9 or 2.8 kcal mol(−1), respectively. Fluorescence quenching experiments confirmed that 2-amino purine opposite X adopted an unstacked conformation. The structural and thermodynamic analyses suggest that the aromatic hydrocarbon group of X and Z intercalates into a double helix, resulting in the opposite nucleotide base flipping into an unstacked position regardless of the nucleotide species. This observation implies that modifications at the aromatic hydrocarbon group and the amide linker may expand the application of the base pair-mimic nucleosides for molecular biology and biotechnology

Transtubular Endoscopic Posterolateral Decompression of the L5 Root under Navigation and O-arm: A Technical Note

Among studies evaluating minimally invasive surgical (MIS) decompression of the L5 root, techniques involving transtubular endoscopic decompression under O-arm navigation are rare. We present the case of a 68-yearold woman with left leg pain, muscle weakness and gait disturbance of one month duration. The patient underwent transtubular endoscopic decompression under O-arm navigation. There is no radiation hazard to the operating room staff with this procedure. After surgery, the patient had significant pain relief and her left lower limb motor function had improved by follow-up at one year. C-arm-free endoscopic L5 root decompression is a safe and effective procedure

Mechanical Study of Various Pedicle Screw Systems including Percutaneous Pedicle Screw in Trauma Treatment

Background and Objectives: Spine surgery using a percutaneous pedicle screw placement (PPSP) is widely implemented for spinal trauma. However, percutaneous systems have been reported to have weak screw-rod connections. In this study, conventional open and percutaneous systems were biomechanically evaluated and compared. Material and Methods: The experiments were performed in two stages: the first stage was a break test, whereas the second stage was a fatigue test. Four systems were used for the experiments. System 1 was intended for conventional open surgery (titanium rod with a 6.0 mm diameter, using a clamp connecting mechanism). System 2 was a percutaneous pedicle screw (PPS) system for trauma (titanium alloy rod with a 6.0 mm diameter, using ball ring connections). System 3 was a PPS system for trauma (cobalt-chromium alloy rod with a 6.0 mm diameter, using sagittal adjusting screw connections). System 4 was a general-purpose PPS system (titanium alloy rod with a 5.5 mm diameter, using a mechanism where the adapter in the head holds down the screw). Results: Stiffness values of 54.8 N/mm, 43.1 N/mm, 90.9 N/mm, and 39.3 N/mm were reported for systems 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. The average number of load cycles in the fatigue test was 134,393, 40,980, 1,550,389, and 147,724 for systems 1 to 4, respectively. At the end of the test, the displacements were 0.2 mm, 16.9 mm, 1.2 mm, and 8.6 mm, respectively. System 1, with a locking mechanism, showed the least displacement at the end of the test. Conclusion: A few PPS systems showed better results in terms on stiffness and life than the open system. The experiments showed that mechanical strength varies depending on the spinal implant. The experiments conducted are essential and significant to provide the mechanical strength required for surgical reconstruction