De la déclaration du 9 mai 1950 vers l’Union européenne

Destiné à un large public de tous horisons, cette publications originale traite de la signification historique de la Déclaration prononcée le 9 mai 1950 par Robert Schuman, de ses échos dans le présent, ainsi que des liens de Robert Schuman avec le Luxembourg et du rôle du Grand-Duché dans la construction européenne. Une section distincte est consacrée à la Maison de Robert Schuman située à Clausen sur laquelle l'Université du Luxembourg veille depuis 2016, le Luxembourg Centre for Contemporary and Digital History (C²DH). Une chronologie retrace les étapes-clé du proessus de la construction européenne

Big Data and Public History

In this chapter, we define big data in history in three ways: (1) big data implies the use of an amount of data that the historian’s personal computer cannot deal with; (2) the data historians are using must be either directly linked to primary sources (digitized primary sources) or must be a primary source itself (born-digital primary sources); (3) big data implies a redefinition of some aspects of historians’ methodologies. We then try to identify the challenges and uses of big data in public history, which we consider as multifaceted ways to study, deepen and empower public connections to the past. For instance, the study of social networks online can help us better understand public uses of the past while the provision and application of large databases for historical primary and secondary sources can help us establish links with a wide non-academic audience. In particular, we discuss two opportunities offered by big data to public historians: the study of artefacts of collective memory as well as crowdsourcing, especially to collect primary sources that would not be accessible otherwise, or to improve them by collaboratively transcribing images of sources into texts. Born-digital sources are now quite numerous online (newsgroups, web archives, social media), and we illustrate the potential that born-digital primary sources offer public historians through the #ww1 project, which is based on a large database of Tweets written during the centenary of World War I. Using distant reading techniques and by looking at the specific case of the French “dead for France” database and how it was tweeted, we show how we can study the way that people engage with their own national collective memory and national history. We argue that this kind of study does not necessarily require a strong digital infrastructure. The chapter then focuses on en masse digitization projects, particularly when they involve crowdsourcing as part of the digitization effort. Going beyond very well-known examples (Google Books, Gallica, and Europeana newspapers, for example), we look at the case of “What’s on the menu?” a project to digitize the New York Public Library’s historical collections of the city’s restaurants’ menus. Looking at the crowdsourcing part of the project, we show that it solves the pitfalls of the most well-known large digitization projects, in particular poor OCR quality. It also invites citizens to participate in the development of their town’s historical narrative, together with historians. In conclusion, we draw the reader’s attention to the limitations of big data. Focusing particularly on two of its pitfalls – inequality of access and what is outside big data – we emphasize that big data does not mean complete or representative data. Data, datasets, and big data remain socially constructed objects. Inequality of access is here understood in two ways: data itself is not always accessible, and not everybody can access online services. For instance, big data does not document life in rich Western urban areas the same way as it documents life in the same countries’ poorer https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110430295-040 rural areas. To put it another way: inequalities in data accessibility undermine the possibilities of creating public history projects that are not mainstream or based on mainstream data. Furthermore, many aspects of our lives are not documented by big data. In other words, the large-scale digitization of sources casts shadows on and influences both our research and the way that citizens empower themselves to develop their own historical narratives. Nevertheless, the pitfalls of big data should not prevent us from making use of it in public history, but the historian’s and citizen’s critical thinking is key to its proper use

Historians as Digital Storytellers: The Digital Shift in Narrative Practices for Public Historians

Innovations in digital technology have profoundly affected all areas of ahistorian’s professional practice, offering unprecedented opportunities to the (co-)creation and impactful dissemination of historical narratives. In practical terms, thedigital shift has set the stage for non-linear, cross-media and participatory narrativepractices. This chapter aims at assessing the distinct tendency towards novel formsof digital storytelling, along with its potentialities and risks for the field of digitalpublic history and cultural heritage institutions such as museums, archives and li-braries. By exploring a selection of inspiring examples from the new media indus-try, it seeks to identify the potential role of public historians in digital storytelling

Cybermemorials: Remembrance and Places of Memory in the Digital Age

The rise of user-generated media culture and the diffusion of digital tech-nologies have contributed to the production of new forms of mnemonic practices thatcoexist with, enhance, or altogether replace traditional memorial sites.Cybermemorials range from virtual spaces on the Internet, such as webpagesand social media platforms, to physical memorials enhanced by means of digitalartefacts and mixed-reality technologies. While the design and scope of these newforms of collective memorialization can vary significantly, they display formal anal-ogies and reflect a general trend towards a de-institutionalization of commemora-tion through spontaneous participation, emotion, and feeling.The prosumer culture generated by digital media offers new possibilities to buildnarratives around historical events and collaboratively construct public memory.Through interactive communication platforms, digital memorials are able to simulta-neously address a global audience, enticing new forms of democratic participationand understanding

Social Media: Snapshots in Public History

This chapter provides an overview of how social media foster the applica-tion of public history and communication with the public, and what types of insti-tutions, projects, and communities are involved in the process. Without claiming tobe exhaustive or referring to a representative selection, the study is based on anexploration of seventy-three public history websites and the methods they use toengage audiences via social media

Content Management

The use of content management systems (CMSes) in public history is a rel-atively new phenomenon that has greatly enhanced the possibilities of presenting,curating and narrating history online. As CMSes have become increasingly powerfuland easier to use, they obviate the need for comparatively costlier custom solutions,both in terms of time and financial investment. Archives, libraries, museums, insti-tutions, scholars and educators are making use of CMSes to showcase collections,accompany exhibitions, tell histories online and to build online communities andnetworks. This chapter discusses how content management systems support theseactivities and projects while also delving into more technical aspects. In doing sothe chapter focuses on open source systems which can be used by any scholar with-out incurring licensing fees, and are often supported by large user communities

Digital Personal Memories: The Archiving of the Self and Public History

By providing a facilitated access to data storage, digital technologies seemto make expression and preservation of the self more straightforward. They reconfi-gure the means and forms of access to data, thus also affecting the relationships andparticipation of individuals in heritagization and history, and potentially impactinghistorians. This renews questions that scholars already know well, such as the placeof memories in the making of history, and that of self-narratives.Examining how“ordinary voices”can/could archive digital/digitized data anddocuments, this chapter aims at investigating this increased interest in preservingthe self and memories, the heritagization of these data, and finally the role playedby user-generated contributions in Digital Public History projects and in historicalresearch in general

Wives' economic contribution to the household income in Japan with cross-national perspective

'Drastic changes in the demographic structure of Japan, that is, the decline in the fertility rate and the growth in the aged population, and their possible consequences have been seriously discussed by scholars, policy makers, and the media. The continuous decline of the fertility rate raised people's concern over the reduction in the productive labor force and the potential imbalance in the future between contributions and benefits of social security. The ratio of young workers to the retired population has been declining rapidly, and the support of the elderly is becoming the burden of the working-age population. Japan has been characterized by the least favorable work setting for women, as exemplified by the discontinuous pattern of work among mothers, the large extent of wage gap between men and women, and the very low proportion of women holding managerial positions. In this paper, I would like to explore the affect of mothers' decision to work and the extent of their contribution to the household economy. This paper is divided into the three parts. First, I will show the trend in the fertility rate and the female labor force participation rate in Japan since 1960, and provide an overview of recent studies on married women's labor force participation. Second, I will examine mothers' working pattern, especially focusing on the continuation of work before and after the first childbirth in Japan. Third, I will compare mother's work in Japan with that in other industrial nations, focusing on the extent of their contribution to the household economy.' (author's abstract)Der vorliegende Beitrag untersucht die Gruende fuer Muetter in Japan, arbeiten zu gehen, und ihren Beitrag zum Haushaltseinkommen. Drastische Veraenderungen der demographischen Struktur in Japan, d.h. die sinkende Geburtenrate und der Anstieg des Anteils aelterer Personen sowie die daraus resultierenden moeglichen Konsequenzen werden in Japan lebhaft diskutiert. Die Menschen machen sich Gedanken ueber die staendig sinkende Geburtenrate, da damit eine Verringerung der Erwerbsbevoelkerung und eine Ungleichheit zwischen Beitraegen zur und zukuenftigem Nutzen der Sozialversicherung verbunden sein koennen. Das Verhaeltnis zwischen den Zahl junger Erwerbstaetiger und der Zahl der Rentner ist schnell gesunken und die Unterstuetzung der Aelteren wird fuer die arbeitende Bevoelkerung zur Belastung. Die Frauenerwerbstaetigkeit in Japan ist dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass Frauen in unguenstigen Arbeitsverhaeltnissen arbeiten, der Lohnunterschied zwischen Maennern und Frauen hoch ist und Frauen kaum in Fuehrungspositionen zu finden sind. Der vorliegende Beitrag ist dreigeteilt. Zuerst zeigt der Autor die Tendenz der Geburtenrate und die Entwicklung der Arbeitsmarktpartizipation von Frauen seit 1960 auf. Darueber hinaus wird ein Ueberblick ueber neue Studien zum Thema Erwerbsarbeit verheirateter Frauen praesentiert. Zweitens werden die Arbeitsmuster von Muettern unter Beruecksichtigung der Erwerbstaetigkeit vor und nach der Geburt des ersten Kindes untersucht. Drittens vergleicht der Autor die Erwerbstaetigkeit von Muettern in Japan mit der in anderen Industrienationen. Der Fokus liegt dabei auf dem Beitrag zum Haushaltseinkommen. (ICDUebers)German title: Der Beitrag verheirateter Frauen zum Haushaltseinkommen in Japan in international vergleichender PerspektiveSIGLEAvailable from Luxembourg Income Study -LIS-, Luxembourg (LU) / FIZ - Fachinformationszzentrum Karlsruhe / TIB - Technische InformationsbibliothekDEGerman