Competition vs. Regulation in Mobile Telecommunications

This paper questions whether competition can replace sector-specific regulation of mobile telecommunications. We show that the monopolistic outcome may prevail independently of market concentration when access prices are determined in bilateral negotiations. A light-handed regulatory policy can induce effective competition. Call prices are close to the marginal cost if the networks are sufficiently close substitutes. Neither demand nor cost information is required. A unique and symmetric call price equilibrium exists under symmetric access prices, provided that call demand is sufficiently inelastic. Existence encompasses the case of many networks and high network substitutability

Intense Network Competition

First, we demonstrate how unregulated price setting in mobile telecommunications may lead to monopolization, even when networks are highly substitutable. Second, we demonstrate that a menu of structural rules, including (i) mandatory interconnection, (ii) reciprocal access prices and (iii) a ban on price discrimination of calls to other networks may restore competition. This regulation requires neither demand data nor information about call costs

Report on the state of the art on anti-gender hate speech

This report is the result of the European project titled "Hate speech, gender, social networks and political parties" (GENHA)(Reference: 875388)With the increasing use of social media, we are also witnessing a perverse effect of the potential of communication via social media; namely, the emergence of phenomena linked to hate speech and gender discrimination. that this new media contributes to fuel and spread.Regarding the definition of hate speech, may vary in different contexts. Following the instructions of ECRI nº 15 we considered hate speech as in any form, of the denigration, hatred or vilification of a person or group of persons, as well as any harassment, insult, negative stereotyping, stigmatization or threat in respect of such a person or group of persons and the justification of all the preceding types of expression, on the ground of "race" (…), colour, descent, national or ethnic origin, age, disability, language, religion or belief, sex, gender, gender identity, sexual orientation and other personal characteristics or status. But more specifically, hate speech has increased considerably in this new communication context against certain groups of the population based on their race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, religious belief, gender or sex. Obviously, not all hate speech develops into hate crimes, but it is rare to find a hate crime without a previous process of stigmatisation and dehumanisation of the victims, resulting in a clear link between hate speech and hate crimes. Moreover, we are witnessing the emergence of far-right communicative strategies that through ideological programmes and hate speech, aim at using the Internet and social media as tools to spread malicious and manipulative information about approaches such as gender theories (gender ideology) and hate speech against women. With this scenario as a starting point of the analysis, the aim of the GENHA project is to identify and examine how hate speech against certain segments of the population, subject to discrimination on the basis of gender, sex or identity, are constantly under attack by a certain type of extreme propaganda. This document aims to reflect the state of the art on anti-gender hate speech in Europe, and in particular in the participating countries of Italy, Hungary, Germany, Sweden and Spain. This state of the art report includes the most relevant literature related to anti-gender hate speech, European laws and public policies, a brief comparison of the legal frameworks applicable to anti-gender hate speech in the participating countries, and the most relevant European case law and national case law on anti-gender hate speech

Which Tail Matters? Inequality and Growth in Brazil

We estimate the effect of initial income inequality on subsequent income per capita growth using sub-national data from Brazil over the period 1970-2000. Holding initial income per capita and standard confounders constant, we find that places with higher initial inequality exhibit higher subsequent growth. This effect is entirely driven by the lower tail of the initial income distribution: compared to more equal places, sub-national units with a higher share of income going to the middle quintile at the expense of the bottom quintile grow more rapidly, while places with a higher share of income going to the top quintile at the expense of the middle quintile get no growth boost at all. We document that both physical and human capital accumulation in places with higher inequality in the lower tail of the initial income distribution outpace capital accumulation in more equal places, while inequality in the upper tail of the distribution is uncorrelated with subsequent physical or human capital growth. These results are consistent with theories on credit constraints and setup costs for human and physical capital investments.JEL Classification Codes: D3, O1, O4http://www.grips.ac.jp/list/jp/facultyinfo/litschig-stephan/http://doi.org/10.24545/0000166

Competition vs. Regulation in Mobile Telecommunications

This paper questions whether competition can replace sector-specific regulation of mobile telecommunications. We show that the monopolistic outcome may prevail independently of market concentration when access prices are determined in bilateral negotiations. A light-handed regulatory policy can induce effective competition. Call prices are close to the marginal cost if the networks are sufficiently close substitutes. Neither demand nor cost information is required. A unique and symmetric call price equilibrium exists under symmetric access prices, provided that call demand is sufficiently inelastic. Existence encompasses the case of many networks and high network substitutability

Impact of including maritime transport in the EU ETS

https://commons.wmu.se/lib_reports/1088/thumbnail.jp