8 research outputs found
A comprehensive study of key Electric Vehicle (EV) components, technologies, challenges, impacts, and future direction of development
Abstract: Electric vehicles (EV), including Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV), Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV), Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV), Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV), are becoming more commonplace in the transportation sector in recent times. As the present trend suggests, this mode of transport is likely to replace internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles in the near future. Each of the main EV components has a number of technologies that are currently in use or can become prominent in the future. EVs can cause significant impacts on the environment, power system, and other related sectors. The present power system could face huge instabilities with enough EV penetration, but with proper management and coordination, EVs can be turned into a major contributor to the successful implementation of the smart grid concept. There are possibilities of immense environmental benefits as well, as the EVs can extensively reduce the greenhouse gas emissions produced by the transportation sector. However, there are some major obstacles for EVs to overcome before totally replacing ICE vehicles. This paper is focused on reviewing all the useful data available on EV configurations, battery energy sources, electrical machines, charging techniques, optimization techniques, impacts, trends, and possible directions of future developments. Its objective is to provide an overall picture of the current EV technology and ways of future development to assist in future researches in this sector
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Technical and Economic Assessment of Transportation Electrification in Heavy-Duty On-Road and Off-Road Applications
The transportation sector has adopted electrification as a primary strategy to curb vehicle emissions. Battery electric vehicles (BEVs) have become mainstream in the light-duty sector while heavy-duty vehicles (HDVs), both on- and off-road, are gradually moving towards electrification. This dissertation focuses on the assessment of technical feasibility and economic workability of BEVs in a variety of heavy-duty on- and off-road applications.In the on-road HDV segment, battery electric trucks (BETs) have become commercially available in recent years, but their ability to operate at the same level as conventional diesel trucks was unclear. Therefore, this research simulated heavy-duty BETs carrying out activities of a real-world drayage truck fleet. The results showed that the shorter range and longer refueling (charging) time of BETs, as compared to diesel trucks, significantly limit their operations. As a potential solution, range extension through wireless charging at seaports was explored. Additionally, an optimal strategy for siting and sizing wireless chargers was developed using the Ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach as a case study.
Off-road equipment (ORE) are diverse in their type (e.g., construction, agriculture, etc.) and size (from a few to hundreds of horsepower), underscoring the need for increased research and development to support their electrification. As part of this dissertation’s research, a methodology assessing the electrification feasibility of ORE in all types and sizes was developed. It used real-world activity data collected from diesel equipment to determine battery size and charging requirements. Additionally, this research developed a framework for identifying ORE types and sizes that would provide emission reductions most cost-effectively when incentivized for electrification. The results can aid government agencies in designing highly targeted incentive programs. Finally, this dissertation’s research conducted a comparative analysis of the total cost of ownership for battery electric and diesel ORE, investigating the role of government incentives in helping battery electric ORE achieve cost parity with their diesel counterparts.
The results of this dissertation sheds light on the potential of operating BEVs in a variety of heavy-duty on- and off-road applications. It contributes to accelerating the transition of heavy-duty on-road vehicle and off-road equipment towards zero emission technologies
Utility Grid: Present Challenges and Their Potential Solutions
Utility electric grid is expected to face some of the major challenges modern power generation, and distribution systems will pose in the years to come. In this paper, a complete overview of those challenges is presented, for the first time, with proper detailed explanation and their implication. Smart grid security, power system generation and distribution side complications, integration of renewable energy systems, storage devices, modern equipment, and technologies make modern-day power generation and transmission more complex than ever. Thus, the utility grid requires major renovations and upgraded protection schemes to adapt to these changes. The required solutions with discussions are also presented in this paper. In addition, the challenges are classified according to their severity, and the solutions that are best suited to mitigate each challenge are also identified. Challenges of the modern utility grid and their prospective solutions are expected to open up a lot of opportunities for researchers around the world, who work toward improving the utility by adopting latest technologies
Off-Road Construction and Agricultural Equipment Electrification: Review, Challenges, and Opportunities
Though the current wave of electric vehicles is transforming the on-road passenger and commercial vehicle fleets, similar attempts in the off-road equipment sector appear to be lacking. Because of the diverse equipment categories and varied applications, electrifying off-road equipment requires significant research and development. A successful electrification of such equipment can offer an array of benefits, including reduced air and noise pollution, higher energy efficiency, and increased productivity. This paper provides a review of the current state of technology in off-road equipment electrification, with a focus on the equipment used in construction and agricultural applications. The paper also discusses advantages of, and challenges associated with, electrifying off-road construction and agricultural equipment. In addition, potential solutions for overcoming these challenges as well as opportunities to facilitate the electrification of off-road construction and agricultural equipment are identified
Off-Road Construction and Agricultural Equipment Electrification: Review, Challenges, and Opportunities
Though the current wave of electric vehicles is transforming the on-road passenger and commercial vehicle fleets, similar attempts in the off-road equipment sector appear to be lacking. Because of the diverse equipment categories and varied applications, electrifying off-road equipment requires significant research and development. A successful electrification of such equipment can offer an array of benefits, including reduced air and noise pollution, higher energy efficiency, and increased productivity. This paper provides a review of the current state of technology in off-road equipment electrification, with a focus on the equipment used in construction and agricultural applications. The paper also discusses advantages of, and challenges associated with, electrifying off-road construction and agricultural equipment. In addition, potential solutions for overcoming these challenges as well as opportunities to facilitate the electrification of off-road construction and agricultural equipment are identified