Alternative Income Generating Activities for Financial Sustainability of Higher Education Institutions

The huge increase in the cost of universities are starting to seriously ward off potential customers and alienate the public, whose support of colleges is waning. For the last five years, aggregate universities' enrollments in Kenya have fallen, and alternative Income Generation Activities (IGAs) to supplement the tuition income have become a necessity for institutions to grow economically and be sustainable in their business. This paper aims to examine better ways Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) approach financial management, including HEIs choice in allocating institutional resources. In today’s world, competition is a driving force for innovation and entrepreneurship with higher education not spared to unfair practices. For example, Africa, including Kenya, loses approximately 23,000 qualified professionals to the west every year. This is a theoretical paper; based on financial management theory, that explains the gap between the educational knowledge and business practices in the education industry. An expenditurebased budget allocation model for HEIs' resource allocation is developed as a new financial management framework. It is based on the premise that HEIs exists not only to educate students, but also to contribute to the development and furtherance of knowledge, and contribution to the nation's economic growth in terms of expertise and commercialization of intellectual property; this paper contributes to conversations and policies on financial management practices and alternative IGAs for HEIs

Les juridictions GACACA au Rwanda et les garanties du procès équitable

"La justice transitionnelle est constituée de différents mécanismes adoptés par les pays sortant d'une période de conflits, pour faire face au contentieux des crimes commis dans le passé. Ces mécanismes tendent le plus souvent à concilier les impératifs de justice avec des besoins non moins importants de retour à la paix et de réconciliation nationale. Le présent travail de recherche porte sur un de ces mécanismes, à savoir les juridictions populaires Gacaca, adoptées au Rwanda pour juger des milliers de personnes accusées d'avoir participé au crime de génocide et crimes contre l'humanité commis entre 1990 et 1994. Ce mode de justice, inspiré de la tradition, fait intervenir des juges non professionnels élus par la population. Il s'agira d'analyser si les garanties du procès équitable prévues par le droit international des droits de la personne sont applicables à ce mécanisme de justice transitionnelle de nature hybride et dans l'affirmative, de déterminer quelles sont les normes qui s'appliquent, en tenant compte du contexte dans lequel ces juridictions ont été créées et des exigences du droit international. Nous examinerons enfin dans quelle mesure ces normes ont été incluses dans la loi régissant les juridictions Gacaca.

Prevalence of Surgical site Infection among Adult Patients at a Rural District Hospital in Southern Province, Rwanda

BackgroundGlobally, postoperative surgical site infection (SSI) is among the top causes of morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing surgery. ObjectivesThis study aimed to determine the prevalence of SSI among adult patients that underwent surgery at a hospital in the Southern Province, Rwanda. MethodThe study design was cross-sectional and used structured questionnaires, interviews and reviewed patients’ file records. Data were collected on 122 participants selected using the convenient sampling strategy. Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 2020 was used to analyze the data. ResultsMost (86.1%) of the participants were females, the majority (48.4%) were aged 28-37 years. The prevalence of SSI was 8.2%, and most (90%) of the infected patients had undergone Caesarean section. Being HIV positive increased the risk for developing SSI. (X2: 9.604, df:1, CI: 1.7053; 19.8652; p value=0.014).ConclusionThe prevalence of SSI was 8.2%. Therefore, there is a need for enhancing preventive measures, early detection and treatment that will reduce the comorbidities of infected patients. HIV patients would need further attention. Rwanda J Med Health Sci 2022;5(1):34-4

Prevalence of hepatitis B and C infection in persons living with HIV enrolled in care in Rwanda

BACKGROUND: Hepatitis B (HBV) and C (HCV) are important causes of morbidity and mortality in people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The burden of these co-infections in sub-Saharan Africa is still unclear. We estimated the prevalence of the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and hepatitis C antibody (HCVAb) among HIV-infected individuals in Rwanda and identified factors associated with infection. METHODS: Between January 2016 and June 2016, we performed systematic screening for HBsAg and HCVAb among HIV-positive individuals enrolled at public and private HIV facilities across Rwanda. Results were analyzed to determine marker prevalence and variability by demographic factors. RESULTS: Overall, among 117,258 individuals tested, the prevalence of HBsAg and HCVAb was 4.3% (95% confidence interval [CI] (4.2-4.4) and 4.6% (95% CI 4.5-4.7) respectively; 182 (0.2%) HIV+ individuals were co-infected with HBsAg and HCVAb. Prevalence was higher in males (HBsAg, 5.4% [5.1-5.6] vs. 3.7% [3.5-3.8]; HCVAb, 5.0% [4.8-5.2] vs. 4.4% [4.3-4.6]) and increased with age; HCVAb prevalence was significantly higher in people aged ≥65 years (17.8% [16.4-19.2]). Prevalence varied geographically. CONCLUSION: HBV and HCV co-infections are common among HIV-infected individuals in Rwanda. It is important that viral hepatitis prevention and treatment activities are scaled-up to control further transmission and reduce the burden in this population. Particular efforts should be made to conduct targeted screening of males and the older population. Further assessment is required to determine rates of HBV and HCV chronicity among HIV-infected individuals and identify effective strategies to link individuals to care and treatment

Minimally invasive postmortem intestinal tissue sampling in malnourished and acutely ill children is feasible and informative

BACKGROUND: Intestinal disorders such as environmental enteric dysfunction (EED) are prevalent in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) and important contributors to childhood undernutrition and mortality. Autopsies are rarely performed in LMICs but minimally invasive tissue sampling is increasingly deployed as a more feasible and acceptable procedure, although protocols have been devoid of intestinal sampling to date. We sought to determine (1) the feasibility of postmortem intestinal sampling, (2) whether autolysis precludes enteric biopsies\u27 utility, and (3) histopathologic features among children who died during hospitalization with acute illness or undernutrition. METHODS: Transabdominal needle and endoscopic forceps upper and lower intestinal sampling were conducted among children aged 1 week to 59 months who died while hospitalized in Blantyre, Malawi. Autolysis ratings were determined for each hematoxylin and eosin slide, and upper and lower intestinal scoring systems were adapted to assess histopathologic features and their severity. RESULTS: Endoscopic and transabdominal sampling procedures were attempted in 28 and 14 cases, respectively, with \u3e90% success obtaining targeted tissue. Varying degrees of autolysis were present in all samples and precluded histopathologic scoring of 6% of 122 biopsies. Greater autolysis in duodenal samples was seen with longer postmortem interval (Beta = 0.06, 95% confidence interval, 0.02-0.11). Histopathologic features identified included duodenal Paneth and goblet cell depletion. Acute inflammation was absent but chronic inflammation was prevalent in both upper and lower enteric samples. Severe chronic rectal inflammation was identified in children as young as 5.5 weeks. CONCLUSIONS: Minimally invasive postmortem intestinal sampling is feasible and identifies histopathology that can inform mortality contributors

Minimally invasive postmortem intestinal tissue sampling in malnourished and acutely ill children is feasible and informative

BACKGROUND: Intestinal disorders such as environmental enteric dysfunction (EED) are prevalent in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) and important contributors to childhood undernutrition and mortality. Autopsies are rarely performed in LMICs but minimally invasive tissue sampling is increasingly deployed as a more feasible and acceptable procedure, although protocols have been devoid of intestinal sampling to date. We sought to determine (1) the feasibility of postmortem intestinal sampling, (2) whether autolysis precludes enteric biopsies\u27 utility, and (3) histopathologic features among children who died during hospitalization with acute illness or undernutrition. METHODS: Transabdominal needle and endoscopic forceps upper and lower intestinal sampling were conducted among children aged 1 week to 59 months who died while hospitalized in Blantyre, Malawi. Autolysis ratings were determined for each hematoxylin and eosin slide, and upper and lower intestinal scoring systems were adapted to assess histopathologic features and their severity. RESULTS: Endoscopic and transabdominal sampling procedures were attempted in 28 and 14 cases, respectively, with \u3e90% success obtaining targeted tissue. Varying degrees of autolysis were present in all samples and precluded histopathologic scoring of 6% of 122 biopsies. Greater autolysis in duodenal samples was seen with longer postmortem interval (Beta = 0.06, 95% confidence interval, 0.02-0.11). Histopathologic features identified included duodenal Paneth and goblet cell depletion. Acute inflammation was absent but chronic inflammation was prevalent in both upper and lower enteric samples. Severe chronic rectal inflammation was identified in children as young as 5.5 weeks. CONCLUSIONS: Minimally invasive postmortem intestinal sampling is feasible and identifies histopathology that can inform mortality contributors

Survival, regrowth and morphotype formation of Salmonella strains after exposure to high or low concentrations of first generation QAC in water

This study determines the differences in survival of eight Salmonella strains concentration of BAC in water, followed by regrowth in high and low nutrition conditions containing sublethal concentration of BAC. Our results show strain difference in survival, persistence of Salmonella in BAC at different concentrations. All eight strains of Salmonella were non-recoverable when exposed to 40 to 48 µg/ml BAC for 1h in water. When exposed to 24 µg/ml of BAC for 1 h in water, S. Typhimurium ATCC 14028 and S. Heidelberg ATCC 8326 cells were non-detectable from the initial 7 log CFU/ml. S. Blockley 7175, S. Virchow 7207, S. Poona 01A4242 and S. Poona 00A3208, were non-detectable after 1 h exposure at 24 µg/ml and continued to be non-detectable in 12 µg/ml BAC in both nutrient conditions after 24 h. 3/8 strains formed rugose morphotypes when exposed to BAC thus leading to understanding the role of strain differences

Effect of Corporate Governance on Financial Performance of Listed Commercial Banks in Rwanda

A Research Project Report Submitted to the School of Business in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of Masters in Business Administration (MBA)The purpose of the study was to examine effect of corporate governance structure on financial performance of listed commercial banks in Rwanda. The study aimed to answer three research questions: firstly, to what extent does board size affect listed commercial banks’ financial performance in Rwanda? Secondly, how does directors’ equity interest affect listed commercial banks’ financial performance in Rwanda? Finally, how board gender diversity affects commercial banks’ financial performance in Rwanda? The study used the descriptive research design. The longitudinal survey research approach was used to collect data. The study relied on secondary sources of data to gather information for the variables. The study adopted the purposive sampling technique. The target populations for the study were listed commercial banks in the Rwanda Stock Exchange (RSE). The sample size for the study was 3 commercial banks listed in the RSE. The data was collected from annual reports and the banks’ websites by a data collection sheet for each of the banks which collected the ROE, ROA, directors’ equity interest, board gender representation and size of the board. Data analysis was done by the SPSS Version 21. Descriptive and Inferential statistics were used to analyse the data. These were Pearson correlation analysis and regression analysis. In regard to board size, the study found that the average size of board size of the sampled banks was 10 board members. The correlation analysis indicated a positive and significant relationship between board size, director equity interest and board gender diversity but not with ROE. The regression analysis showed that an increase in board size, directors’ equity interest and board gender diversity led to an increase in ROA and this was significant. However, this was not observed for ROE. The study concludes that board size has a positive and significant effect on performance of commercial banks listed in the RSE; that director equity interest, board gender diversity had a positive effect on financial performance of commercial banks listed in the RSE but this was insignificant. The study recommends that commercial banks should not exceed the average nine board members’ as this may lead to decision-making problems which are characterized by larger board of directors; that director ownership should be implemented as an emolument strategy in commercial banks to improve on their performance and more inclusion of women in their boards to enhance board diversity which has been recommended as a best practice in the corporate governance research and practice

Le droit pénal international face aux pratiques de violences sexuelles en période de conflits

Master [120] en droit, Université catholique de Louvain, 201

Impact of Rwanda Carpark on Socio-economic Development

Parking is seen a service to be provided based on measurable demand . It is becoming a crucial issue in managing the transportation system since it affects the overall accessibility of a city . It has increased significance as an integrated factor for urban transportation planning due to the substantial rise in car ownership and absence of adequate land space for parking. The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of car park on socioeconomic development by identifying the benefits of Ruhango car park on surrounding people, highlighting the contribution of these benefits of carpark on social economic development and finding out Challenges facing Ruhango carpark and propose possible solutions. The study employed questionnaires and interview as the main study instruments. Target population was 252 where 79 respondents were selected using simple random sampling and purposive sampling techniques. The results show that there is a great improvement in terms of economic development when the car park is introduced in Ruhango district. After establishing car park, people got employment, started their own business and they started gaining high income from different business activities. Car park is very important in the increase of social economic of neighboring community and since those proposed solutions are effectively implemented, people will gain more benefits from car pack and achieve developed socio-economic development. It was recommended that Government should seek to improve or build the capacity of the local infrastructures through raising funds to repair destroyed road