HUBUNGAN STRATEGI COPING DENGAN KECEMASAN SISWA SMP DI JAKARTA

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara strategi coping dan kecemasan pada siswa Sekolah Menengah Pertama di Jakarta. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan teknik korelasi. Alat ukur yang digunakan oleh peneliti adalah Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS 42) dan alat ukur coping stress yang dikembangkan oleh Suhendra (2009). Sampel pada penelitian ini merupakan siswa SMP Jakarta baik laki-laki maupun perempuan. Sampel berjumlah 100 siswa SMP yang diambil menggunakan metode purposive sampling. Data dianalisis menggunakan korelasi rank spearman. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat 9 strategi coping yang memiliki hubungan signifikansi (berarti) dengan kecemasan yaitu strategi coping menikmati media, supporting activities, planning, displacement, tidur, makan, seeking social support (Seeking social support (Peer)), seeking social support (parents) dan seeking social support (teacher) serta terdapat 7 strategi coping yang tidak memiliki hubungan signifikansi (berarti) dengan kecemasan yaitu strategi coping positive appraisal, turning to religion, suppression of competing activities, pengkonsumsian zat adiktif, stretching/body relaxation, pengkonsumsian penambah stamina dan body massage. This study aims to determine the relationship between coping strategies and anxiety in junior high school students in Jakarta. This study uses a quantitative approach with correlation techniques. The measuring instrument used by the researcher is the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS 42) and the coping stress measurement tool developed by Suhendra (2009). The sample in this study were students of junior high school in Jakarta, both male and female. A sample of 100 junior high school students was taken using purposive sampling method. Data were analyzed using Spearman rank correlation. The results showed that there were 9 coping strategies that had a significant (mean) relationship, namely coping strategies enjoying media, supporting activities, planning, moving, sleeping, eating, seeking social support (Seeking social support (Peer), seeking social support (parents), and seek social support (teacher) and there are 7 coping strategies that have no significant (mean) relationship with anxiety, namely positive assessment coping strategies, turning to religion, suppressing competitive activities, consuming addictive substances, stretching/relaxing the body, consuming stamina enhancers and body massage

The Common of Side Effects of Pegylated Interferon Treatment in Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C Patients: Systematic Review

 Pegylated Interferon (Peg-INF) therapy which has various side effects and is relatively severe. The side effects that occur in each individual are different, some patients treated with Peg-INF have experienced mild to severe side effects. Evaluation The side effects of Peg-INF on chronic hepatitis B and / or C have not been widely reported. Thus, I will conduct research on the side effects of Peg-INF therapy in chronic hepatitis B and / or C patients by combining two or more research results that can be combined to obtain new quantitative data. The purpose of this study was to determine the side effects of Peg-INF treatment in chronic hepatitis B and C patients.  This research uses the Systematic Review method. With the keyword "Efek Samping Pegylated Interferon"; "Pegylated Interferon successful treatment"; Pegylated Interferon Hepatitis in Asia”. As a result total of 19 journal articles were obtained and the side effects of Peg-INF were hematological, systemic, psychiatric, autoimmune and hearing function side effects

A Very Young Adult Female Patient with Hepatitis B Flare: A Case Repor

Abstract Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major global health problem. It can cause chronic infection and put people at high risk of death from cirrhosis and liver cancer. This study aims to present a case of chronic hepatitis B flare in a very young adult patient. An 18-year-old previously healthy female presented with jaundice developing in one week, following the previous complaints of nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, loss of appetite, and tiredness for about three months. The patient had no risk factors for getting HBV infection, but her HBsAg-positive mother was probably an inactive HBV carrier. The hepatitis B serological testing revealed HBsAg positivity, anti-HBs seronegativity, HBeAg positivity, anti-HBe seronegativity, anti-HBc IgM seronegativity, and high levels of HBV DNA detected > 1.70 × 108 IU/mL. There was a sharp increase in serum ALT to ≥ 5-fold ULN. The abdominal ultrasonography revealed a hepatitis feature, unremarkable portal venous flow, and an extrahepatic biliary system. The liver transient elastography revealed 15.6 kPa of liver stiffness, which was in accordance with the F3-F4 fibrosis stage. These features were typical of a hepatitis B flare, the HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B, previously known as the immune reactive phase. A long-term nucleos(t)ide analog therapy was programmed with Tenofovir alafenamide 25 mg daily

Unraveling Hepatic Cirrhosis through its Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Predictors of Mortality: A Literature Review

Abstract This literature review provides a comprehensive examination of hepatic cirrhosis, focusing on its pathophysiology, diagnosis, and predictors of mortality. Hepatic cirrhosis, characterized by fibrosis and nodular formations resulting from continuous scarring, irreversibly alters liver structure and function. The disease progression involves the activation of the extracellular matrix, particularly collagen accumulation, leading to hepatocellular dysfunction and portal hypertension. Epidemiologically, liver cirrhosis poses a significant global health burden, with a substantial increase in prevalence reported in recent years, particularly in the Asia Pacific region. The etiology of cirrhosis involves various factors, including viral infections (hepatitis B and C), alcohol abuse, autoimmune diseases, metabolic disorders, and more. Understanding the pathophysiology is crucial, with hepatic stellate cells, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, Kupffer cells, and hepatocytes playing key roles in fibrogenesis. Clinical manifestations range from asymptomatic cases in compensated cirrhosis to severe complications in decompensated cirrhosis, such as ascites, jaundice, encephalopathy, variceal bleeding, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Accurate diagnosis is essential for effective management. Liver biopsy, serological tests, and various imaging modalities, including ultrasound, contrast-enhanced ultrasonography, magnetic resonance elastography, and CT scans, aid in distinguishing between compensated and decompensated cirrhosis. Complications, including portal hypertension, hepatic encephalopathy, esophageal varices, hepatocellular carcinoma, ascites, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, and hepatorenal syndrome, further contribute to the complexity of cirrhosis. The paper also explores predictor factors of mortality in cirrhosis patients, including age, comorbidities, Model for End-Stage Liver Disease with Sodium (MELD-Na) score, and Child-Turcotte-Pugh (CTP) score. Understanding these factors enhances prognostic accuracy, facilitating improved patient care and timely interventions. Overall, this review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of hepatic cirrhosis, aiding healthcare professionals in its diagnosis, management, and risk stratification

Donor-specific antibodies and their impact on antibody-mediated rejection post-liver transplantation: A comprehensive review

Abstract Antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) following liver transplantation is a significant clinical challenge, with donor-specific antibodies (DSAs) playing a pivotal role. Understanding the mechanisms and impact of DSAs is crucial for improving transplant outcomes and patient care. This review provides an in-depth analysis of the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management of AMR in liver transplantation, focusing on the role of DSAs. AMR in liver transplants, though less common than in other organ transplants, presents unique diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. The review explores the latest diagnostic criteria, including serum DSAs, C4d staining, and liver biopsy findings. It delves into the pathogenesis of AMR, emphasizing the role of both preformed and de novo DSAs in causing graft injury and rejection. The review also discusses current therapeutic strategies, such as the use of immunosuppressants, plasmapheresis, intravenous immunoglobulin, and proteasome inhibitors, highlighting their efficacy and limitations. Furthermore, it examines the unique aspects of liver immunology that contribute to the organ's relative resistance to DSA-mediated injury. Emerging research, particularly on gene expression changes in renal allografts during simultaneous liver-kidney transplantation, is also discussed, offering insights into future directions. This review is instrumental for clinicians and researchers in understanding the complexities of AMR in liver transplantation and in developing more effective management strategies

Antiviral use in liver function abnormalities and Covid-19 patients: Serial cases

Introduction: Some SARS-CoV-2 patients have liver function abnormalities due to anti-viral drug effects. Methods: The design of this study was a case series reported using retrospectives. Data collection was carried out from December 2020 to February 2021. All participants were diagnosed with SAR-CoV-2 and received an antiviral drug which identified liver function abnormalities. Results: The patients’ average age was 54.56 ± 14.46 years old. Most patients experienced shortness of breath and cough, with hypertension as the accompanying comorbid. Increased AST and ALT were found in one patient who used Lopinavir-Ritonavir. The increase was 1.0 times to 2.0 times the expected value. Increased CRP, Ddimer and procalcitonin were also found, with a mean of 12.27 ± 15,34, 1861.29 ± 1828.85 and 1.54 ± 2.84, respectively. One of the patients in the Lopinavir-Ritonavir group died while receiving treatment. Conclusion: SAR-CoV-2 is one of the risk factors that cause liver function abnormalities supported by anti-viral drugs that cause liver work to increase

Liver function characteristics of COVID-19 patients with obesity at Dr. Soetomo Hospital: case series

Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients with obesity are more susceptible to liver injury. There is currently no published overview regarding COVID-19 patients with liver injury in Indonesia. Our study reported 7 cases of obese COVID-19 patients with an increase of serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) and serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), followed by 5 of them developing severe symptoms of COVID-19 in isolation room of Dr. Soetomo Hospital Surabaya within June-December 2020. Case Presentation: A total of 7 COVID-19 patients, by the average age 46.2±15.5 years, were obese. The mean body mass index (BMI) was 36,3±3,4 kg/m2. Five of them experienced serious symptoms. There were 3 patients (patient no. 2, 4, 7) who had normal SGOT level, while the rest had an increased SGOT level for 3x ULN is defined as liver injury, it happened in 2 patients that occur since admission (patient no. 3) and during treatment (patient no. 5). Conclusion: Obesity may impede the recovery of COVID-19 and manifest in the deterioration of liver function

Upper gastrointestinal bleeding and factors affecting the rebleeding risk

Abstract Introduction: Identifying high risk patients is crucial to prevent rebleeding in UGIB. Early detection of patients who are at risk of rebleeding can be useful to reduce morbidity and mortality. Aim: To summarize the risk factors of rebleeding in UGIB. Method: Articles and studies were acquired from PubMed. Keywords used were: rebleeding, upper gastrointestinal bleeding, risk factors. Result: Several studies have found that prognostic factors in UGIB may indicate a higher risk of rebleeding in UGIB. Those factors being shock at admission, PRC transfusion, low hemoglobin levels, low albumin levels, high creatinine levels, active bleeding at endoscopy, and need for endoscopic therapy. Scoring systems can also be useful to predict rebleeding, mainly GBS and Complete Rockall score. Conclusion: Shock at admission, PRC trasnfusion, low hemoglobin levels, low albumin levels, high creatinine levels, active bleeding at endoscopy, and need for endoscopic therapy are risk factors of rebleeding in UGI

Gastric Mucosa Plasma Cells is Unspecific for Diagnosing Helicobacter pylori Infection

Background: A high density of Helicobacter pylori is believed to trigger an accumulation of plasma cells in gastric mucosa as one of the inflammatory cells due to its high titer antibodies production circulated in blood system. We aimed to identify the correlation between total plasma cells and H. pylori density in gastric mucosa. Method: Endoscopic gastric biopsy tissues were stained by two different stains, Haematoxylin-Eosin and Modified Giemsa. The examination was performed by experienced pathologist. Results: The average age of chronic gastritis patients in this study was 48.80 years with standard deviation of 14.356. Out of 30 samples, 17 (56.7%) were female chronic gastritis patients. Female patients were dominating in most of categories of H. pylori density including 5 out of 9 patients (55.6%) in normal H. pylori density, 8 out of 14 patients (57.1%) in mild H. pylori density, and 3 out 5 patients (60.0%) in moderate H. pylori density. The average of total plasma cells in this study was 17.30 cells with standard deviation of 5.838. Importantly, there was no statistically significant correlation between total plasma cells and H. pylori density in gastric mucosa (p = 0.536). Although the distribution of total plasma cells was normal, there was no statistically significant difference of total plasma cells between positive and negative H. pylori density (p = 0.944). Conclusion: Plasma cells in gastric mucosa is unspecific for diagnosing H. pylori infection. Other causes associated with plasma cells are needed to be assessed for further study

SERUM AFP (ALPHA FETO PROTEIN) LEVELS PROFILE OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA PATIENTS IN DR. SOETOMO GENERAL ACADEMIC HOSPITAL, SURABAYA, INDONESIA

Higlight: 1. The USG results of AFP level can be used for early detection and therapy of hepatocellular carcinoma that can prevent metastasis, progressivity, and recurrence. 2. The most common patients with high AFP levels are those with hepatitis B depending on etiology, younger age, male, gender, high SGOT level and BCLC B patients. Abstract: Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) accounts for more than 90% of liver cancer which is the second most common cause of cancer-related death worldwide. The incidence of HCC was 626.000 cases every year worldwide. Early detection and therapy can prevent metastasis, progressivity, and recurrence. AFP level ≥ 400 ng/ml and USG results can be used as a diagnosis parameter of hepatocellular carcinoma. Objective: To analyze the AFP level’s profile in hepatocellular carcinoma. Materials and Methods: Descriptive methods used in this study with data collected from medical records on patients that fulfilled the inclusion criteria in Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia during the periods of 1st January 2013- December 31st 2015. This study used various variables such as age, gender, etiology and size of the tumor, number of a nodule, hepatic function with child classification, staging BCLC, and AFP level. Results: This study found that the 98 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma with high AFP level or >400 ng/ml were dominated by younger patients with average age of 49.91 years, the most common etiology was hepatitis B (56.8%), poor results of laboratory tests (SGOT, SGPT), patients with all level of hepatic function based on Child-Pugh classification and staging B of the tumor (70.5%). Patients with normal AFP ≤20 ng/ml were dominated by female patients, with the most common etiology of fatty liver and others, and with BCLC A and C staging. Descriptively, there was no difference in AFP level based on the number of nodules and size of tumor. Conclusion: The most common patients with high AFP level are those who have hepatitis B as etiology, younger age, male gender, high SGOT level and BCLC B staging. Meanwhile, patients with normal AFP level dominated with female and non-hepatitis patients. In this research, we found no differences of AFP level based on number and size of tumor descriptively