Gender disparity in prevalence and risk factors of chronic Kidney disease among patients with type 2 diabetes in Northeastern Nigeria.

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder that is responsible for up to 5% of premature deaths worldwide. Diabetic kidney disease is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease. This study aims to evaluate gender disparity in prevalence and risk factors of diabetic kidney disease in northeastern Nigeria. Methodology: The study population consisted of adult patients with type 2 diabetesrecruited consecutively at the diabetes clinic of the University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital, Maiduguri. Socio-demographic and anthropometric variables including age, sex, weight, height, BMI, as well as laboratory parameters, were obtained from each patient. Glomerular filtration rate was derived from the CKD-EPI formula using serum creatinine. Results: Two hundred and sixty-one adult patients with type 2 diabetes were recruited consecutively from the Diabetes outpatient clinic of the University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital, Maiduguri. There were 167(64%) females and 94(36%) males. The mean ages of males and females were 51.10±12.23 years and 48.76±11.00 years, respectively (p= 0.115). The mean duration of diabetes was similar between males and females (7.24±7.18 vs 6.87±6.02 years, p= 0.652). Females had a higher BMI 2 2 compared with males (28.49±6.27Kg/M2 vs 26.41±4.86Kg/M2 p= 0.003). Fasting blood glucose, Low- density lipoprotein cholesterol and PCV were more deranged in females than among males (9.53±4.72 mmol/L vs 11.10±5.97mmol/L p= 0.020; 2.84±1.03mmol/L vs 3.19±1.03mmol/L p=0.009; 34.49±5.33% vs 33.11±4.54% p= 0.026). Out of the study population, 83(74.1%) females had renal dysfunction compared with 29(25.9%) males. The risk factors for progressive kidney disease among female patients were age >45 years (Exp (B) 1.799, 95% CI= 1.165-3.805) and systolic blood pressure >140mmHg (Exp (B)= 1.592, 95% CI= 0.772- 3.284). Conclusion: Diabetic kidney disease among our cohorts with type 2 diabetes was more prevalent among females compared with males and the risk factors associated with this disparity were older age, high BMI, poor glycaemic control, low PCV and elevated LDL cholesterol

Molecular Detection of Influenza A(H1N1)Pdm09 Virus Among Chronic Kidney Disease Patients: A Peripheral Blood Sample Approach and Assessment of the Associated Risk Factors

Introduction: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a progressive loss of functional nephron characterized by various risk factors. Influenza virus has been found to cause rhabdomyolysis, which is toxic to the kidneys and can initiate or worsen CKD. This study aims to investigate the frequency and molecular detection of Influenza A(H1N1)Pdm09 Virus gene among CKD patients attending University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital, Nigeria.Materials and Methods: Peripheral blood samples were collected from 150 CKD patients. One-step RT-PCR was performed for detection of influenza virus using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention protocol. Relevant clinical data were collected in standardized questionnaires from each patient, and medical history was obtained from their hospital records.Results: Conventional PCR analysis revealed that 16% of the CKD patients tested positive for Inf A/Pdm H1N1. The virus frequency was found to be higher among patients in CKD stage 5 (end-stage CKD) and lower in CKD stage 3 (moderate CKD). Additionally, female CKD patients and those in the age group of 55-64 years showed a higher susceptibility to Inf A/Pdm H1N1 infection.Discussion: The study provides evidence of the presence of Inf A/Pdm H1N1 in CKD patients, aligning with previous research showing its involvement in kidney disease aggravation. CKD patients often exhibit immune dysregulation, which might facilitate the virus's invasion and persistence. Conclusion: This study provides evidence of an association between Influenza A(H1N1)Pdm09 viraemia and decreased kidney function among CKD patients. The findings highlight the importance of monitoring and preventing influenza infection in CKD patients to prevent further kidney damage