Reprint of “The Single-Case Reporting Guideline In BEhavioural interventions (SCRIBE) 2016: explanation and elaboration”

There is substantial evidence that research studies reported in the scientific literature do not provide adequate information so that readers know exactly what was done and what was found. This problem has been addressed by the development of reporting guidelines which tell authors what should be reported and how it should be described. Many reporting guidelines are now available for different types of research designs. There is no such guideline for one type of research design commonly used in the behavioral sciences, the single-case experimental design (SCED). The present study addressed this gap. This report describes the Single-Case Reporting guideline In BEhavioural interventions (SCRIBE) 2016, which is a set of 26 items that authors need to address when writing about SCED research for publication in a scientific journal. Each item is described, a rationale for its inclusion is provided, and examples of adequate reporting taken from the literature are quoted. It is recommended that the SCRIBE 2016 is used by authors preparing manuscripts describing SCED research for publication, as well as journal reviewers and editors who are evaluating such manuscripts.Published versio

The Single-Case Reporting Guideline In BEhavioural Interventions (SCRIBE) 2016 statement

We developed a reporting guideline to provide authors with guidance about what should be reported when writing a paper for publication in a scientific journal using a particular type of research design: the single-case experimental design. This report describes the methods used to develop the Single-Case Reporting guideline In BEhavioural interventions (SCRIBE) 2016. As a result of 2 online surveys and a 2-day meeting of experts, the SCRIBE 2016 checklist was developed, which is a set of 26 items that authors need to address when writing about single-case research. This article complements the more detailed SCRIBE 2016 Explanation and Elaboration article (Tate et al., 2016) that provides a rationale for each of the items and examples of adequate reporting from the literature. Both these resources will assist authors to prepare reports of single-case research with clarity, completeness, accuracy, and transparency. They will also provide journal reviewers and editors with a practical checklist against which such reports may be critically evaluated. We recommend that the SCRIBE 2016 is used by authors preparing manuscripts describing single-case research for publication, as well as journal reviewers and editors who are evaluating such manuscripts.Funding for the SCRIBE project was provided by the Lifetime Care and Support Authority of New South Wales, Australia. The funding body was not involved in the conduct, interpretation or writing of this work. We acknowledge the contribution of the responders to the Delphi surveys, as well as administrative assistance provided by Kali Godbee and Donna Wakim at the SCRIBE consensus meeting. Lyndsey Nickels was funded by an Australian Research Council Future Fellowship (FT120100102) and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Cognition and Its Disorders (CE110001021). For further discussion on this topic, please visit the Archives of Scientific Psychology online public forum at http://arcblog.apa.org. (Lifetime Care and Support Authority of New South Wales, Australia; FT120100102 - Australian Research Council Future Fellowship; CE110001021 - Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Cognition and Its Disorders)Published versio

Beliefs About Emotions: A Psychometric Investigation Of The Leahy Emotional Schemas Scale

Beliefs about emotions are meta-cognitive processes that describe the appraisal of emotional experiences. The Leahy Emotional Schemas Scale (LESS; Leahy, 2002) assesses such meta-cognitive beliefs, but it is unclear if scores obtained with the LESS are valid and reliable due to a lack of psychometric data. Study 1 systematically reviewed validation studies on instruments that assess beliefs about emotions, and established the evidence for their psychometric properties, applying the Terwee scale (De Vet, Terwee, Mokkink, & Knol, 2011; Terwee et al., 2007) and the COSMIN checklist (Terwee et al., 2012). The synthesis of scientific quality of sixteen studies, representing 12 measures, provided no strong evidence for any measure. Scientific quality information for the LESS was scarcest. Study 2 investigated the scale structure of the LESS and provided preliminary support for its convergent, divergent and discriminant validity. The LESS and additional measures were completed by 503 participants online. Principal axis factoring and Mokken scale analysis (MSA) were employed; both methods suggested the extraction of five scales. An 18-item version of a “Beliefs about emotions” scale showed preferable person-ordering properties compared to a 25-item version, as well as excellent internal consistency. The other four scales each contained less than five items and are not recommended for use. Preliminary evidence of convergent, divergent and discriminant validity for the “Beliefs about emotions” scales was established. Overall, the evidence of scientific quality for any of the available beliefs about emotions measures is insufficient. In this study, the original structure of the LESS was not supported, but sum scores of an 18-item “Beliefs about emotions” scale can potentially be of clinical utility. Future research may focus on the re-development of the LESS based on a sound theoretical construct, and on producing further psychometric evidence for the extracted scales

The Single-Case Reporting Guideline In BEhavioural Interventions (SCRIBE) 2016: Explanation and elaboration.

Single-case experimental design (SCED) studies in the behavioral sciences literature are not only common, but their proportion has also increased over past decades. Moreover, methodological complexity of SCEDs and sophistication in the techniques used to analyze SCED data has increased apace. Yet recent reviews of the behavioral sciences literature have shown that reporting of SCED research is highly variable and often incomplete. Explicit, precise and transparent reporting is crucial not only for critical evaluation of the study methodology and conclusions, but also to facilitate exact replication of investigations, and ascertain applicability and possible generality of results. Accordingly, we developed the SCRIBE 2016 (Single-Case Reporting guideline In BEhavioural interventions) by a consensus process by experts in SCED methodology and research in the behavioral sciences, as well as experts in reporting guideline development. The SCRIBE 2016 Explanation and Elaboration article describes a set of 26 items to guide and structure the reporting of SCED research. A rationale and minimum reporting standards that stipulate what needs to be reported are provided for each item. In addition, examples of adequate and clear reporting drawn from the literature are included for each item. It is recommended that the SCRIBE 2016 Explanation and Elaboration article is used in conjunction with the complementary SCRIBE 2016 Statement (Tate et al., 2016) by authors preparing manuscripts for publication and journal reviewers and editors considering manuscripts for publication

A Simple and Rapid earthquake Detection and discrimination System for ELARMS

We present the test of a simple and rapid methodology for earthquake detection and phase association dedicated to dense and reliable networks of seismic stations. The system is ba- sed on the idea of small subnets of stations each one surrounding the station that produce the first trigger. The goal is to provide a rapid detection of relevant earthquakes and to activate ElarmS but also to prevent misinterpretation of out of the network events or the association of false triggers. We apply this system to the case of the Italian National Seismic Network and to the Italian seismicity

The Single-Case Reporting Guideline In BEhavioural Interventions (SCRIBE) 2016 statement

Reporting guidelines, such as the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) Statement, improve the reporting of research in the medical literature (Turner et al., 2012). Many such guidelines exist and the CONSORT Extension to Nonpharmacological Trials (Boutron et al., 2008) provides suitable guidance for reporting between groups intervention studies in the behavioral sciences. The CONSORT Extension for N-of-1 Trials (CENT 2015) was developed for multiple crossover trials with single individuals in the medical sciences (Shamseer et al. 2015, Vohra et al., 2015), but there is no reporting guideline in the CONSORT tradition for single-case research used in the behavioral sciences. We developed the Single-Case Reporting guideline In BEhavioural interventions (SCRIBE) 2016 to meet this need. This Statement article describes the methodology of the development of the SCRIBE 2016, along with the outcome of 2 Delphi surveys and a consensus meeting of experts. We present the resulting 26-item SCRIBE 2016 checklist. The article complements the more detailed SCRIBE 2016 Explanation and Elaboration article (Tate et al., 2016) that provides a rationale for each of the items and examples of adequate reporting from the literature. Both these resources will assist authors to prepare reports of single-case research with clarity, completeness, accuracy, and transparency. They will also provide journal reviewers and editors with a practical checklist against which such reports may be critically evaluated