ZAMONAVIY TILSHUNOSLIKDA LINGVO-MADANIYATSHUNOSLIK FANINING ASOSIY TUSHUNCHALARI VA ULARNING TIL BIRLIKLARINI О'RGANISHDAGI XUSUSIYATLARI

Mazkur maqolada, birinchidan, lingvo-madaniyatshunoslik bo’yicha umumiy qarashlarga to’xtalib o’tilgan. Yana, lingvo-madaniyatshnoslikda yangi terminlar hosil qilish usullari aniq misollar bilan keng yoritib berilgan, hamda ingliz va o’zbek tilida ular qiyoslangan, o’xshash va farqli tomonlari ko’rsatilgan. Shu bilan birga, lingvo-madaniyatshnoslikda birikmalar ,yangi terminlar,ularning paydo bo`lishiga ham alohida e’tibor qaratilgan va ignliz va o’zbek tillarida misollar keltirilgan

‘They prefer hidden treatment': anti-tuberculosis drug-taking practices and drug regulation in Karakalpakstan

Setting: The joint Médecins Sans Frontières/Ministry of Health multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) programme; Karakalpakstan, Uzbekistan. Objective: Uzbekistan has high rates of MDR-TB. We aimed to understand patients’ and prescribers’ attitudes to TB drug prescription, regulation, and drug-taking behaviour. Methods: Participants (12 patients, 12 practitioners) were recruited purposively. Data were gathered qualitatively using field notes and in-depth interviews and analysed thematically. Findings: Our analysis highlighted two main themes. First, shame and stigma were reported to increase the likelihood of self-treatment and incorrect use of TB drugs, most commonly at initial stages of illness. A health system failure to promote health information was perceived, leading to wrong diagnoses and inappropriate therapies. Motivated by shame, patients hid their condition by resorting to drug-treatment options outside the programme, compounding the risk of chaotic management and dissemination of erroneous information through lay networks. Second, positive influences on treatment were reported through patients, practitioners and peers working effectively together to deliver the correct information and support, which acted to normalise TB, reduce stigma and prevent misuse of TB drugs. Conclusion: Effective case finding, patient support and community education strategies are essential. Patients, practitioners and peers working together can help reduce stigma and prevent misuse of TB drugs

TRAINER\u27S SKILLS AND ORGANIZATIONAL ISSUES AS AN IMPACT OF THE PROCESS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL TRAINING

Nowadays, when life requires processing a huge amount of information, increasing stress tolerance, and adapting a person to new, “unfriendly” conditions of the surrounding social and natural environment, old techniques and methods of activity are of little help. Psychological training, being a system of specially organized intensive exposure, contributing to the solution of many of the pressing problems of both the daily life of people and personnel management. Over the past 10-15 years, psychological training has become one of the most common forms of psychological practice. Since socio-psychological training is aimed at developing healthy communication processes and relationships between people, knowledge of the intermediary of their work is one of the key factors in the effectiveness of his or her activities. For this reason, this study discusses co-authorship and organizational issues as factors affecting the effectiveness of sociopsychological training. It is analyzed what professional and personal qualities a trainer must possess in addition to successfully conduct psychological training. Nowadays, when life requires processing a huge amount of information, increasing stress tolerance, and adapting a person to new, «unfriendly» conditions of the surrounding social and natural environment, old techniques and methods of activity are of little help. Psychological training, being a system of specially organized intensive exposure that will help to solve many of the pressing problems of both people’s daily life and personnel management. Over the past 10-15 years, psychological training has become one of the most common forms of psychological practice. Since socio-psychological training is aimed at developing healthy communication processes and relationships between people, knowledge of the intermediary of their work is one of the key factors in the effectiveness of his or her activities. For this reason, the coauthorship and organizational issues are highlighted in this research paper as factors influencing the effectiveness of social psychological training. It is analyzed how a trainer must possess professional and personal qualities in order to successfully conduct psychological training

Technology for Price Management in Industrial Differential Product Market

The article studies price behavior of oligopolies in industrial market where price competition is replaced by non-price competition. There is a developed technology for pricing management of the products of industrial enterprises, which, unlike the existing ones, takes into account the dynamics of changes in consumer preferences and changes in the pricing policy of the enterprise competitor and is based on usage of system dynamics models to simulate the financial and economic performance of enterprises and the fuzzy model for situational analysis and decisionmaking on changes in prices for the products. A pricing simulation model is offered. It is based on system-dynamic modeling method, which takes into account the complex cause-to-effect concatenation of factors on price such as product quality, cost, price competition, price elasticity of economic demand, competitors’ quantity of output and estimates the impact of changing factors of internal and external enterprise environment on the effectiveness of its activities.The simulation model allows us to conduct diverse experiments and analyze the impact of management decisions on the efficiency of the enterprise. Based on the fuzzy approach a price decision-making model is developed. It operates not only precise (numeric) values, but also qualitative assessments of variables and provides an adequate use of logical relationships and the laws of the mutual influence of market and production and economic factors. Qualitative dependences, which establish the influence of external and internal factors on the price change, are identified as a result of the study of economic laws and legal conformity that are in the context of rapid economic change and market turbulence may not be strictly formalized and take the form of linguistic statements, which express the conditional relationship between the qualitative assessments of initial factors and changes in the relative price.</p

Factors Associated with Unfavorable Treatment Outcomes in New and Previously Treated TB Patients in Uzbekistan: A Five Year Countrywide Study.

TB is one of the main health priorities in Uzbekistan and relatively high rates of unfavorable treatment outcomes have recently been reported. This requires closer analysis to explain the reasons and recommend interventions to improve the situation. Thus, by using countrywide data this study sought to determine trends in unfavorable outcomes (lost-to-follow-ups, deaths and treatment failures) and describe their associations with socio-demographic and clinical factors.A countrywide retrospective cohort study of all new and previously treated TB patients registered in the National Tuberculosis programme between January 2006 and December 2010.Among 107,380 registered patients, 67% were adults, with smaller proportions of children (10%), adolescents (4%) and elderly patients (19%). Sixty per cent were male, 66% lived in rural areas, 1% were HIV-infected and 1% had a history of imprisonment. Pulmonary TB (PTB) was present in 77%, of which 43% were smear-positive and 53% were smear-negative. Overall, 83% of patients were successfully treated, 6% died, 6% were lost-to-follow-up, 3% failed treatment and 2% transferred out. Factors associated with death included being above 55 years of age, HIV-positive, sputum smear positive, previously treated, jobless and living in certain provinces. Factors associated with lost-to-follow-up were being male, previously treated, jobless, living in an urban area, and living in certain provinces. Having smear-positive PTB, being an adolescent, being urban population, being HIV-negative, previously treated, jobless and residing in particular provinces were associated with treatment failure.Overall, 83% treatment success rate was achieved. However, our study findings highlight the need to improve TB services for certain vulnerable groups and in specific areas of the country. They also emphasize the need to develop unified monitoring and evaluation tools for drug-susceptible and drug-resistant TB, and call for better TB surveillance and coordination between provinces and neighbouring countries