The Ghost in the Courtroom: When Opinions Are Adopted Verbatim from Prosecutors

Judicial opinions captivate the legal community, serving as a hub for teaching new lawyers and developing the law. These opinions also provide a method for the justice system to communicate with the people it serves—both the parties to the cases and the public. This communication should be well-reasoned and developed from a neutral standpoint. However, this ideal is being seriously threatened by ghostwriting, the practice of allowing a party to write the opinion. This is particularly troubling in criminal cases, where the very lawyers charged with prosecuting defendants are writing the opinions against them. This Note proposes that opinions written by prosecutors should be subject to de novo appellate review. Additionally, states should pass legislation and revise ethics rules to require that judges critically review a proposed opinion, refrain from adopting it verbatim, give the opposing party an opportunity to reply, and write an original legal analysis section. Change is necessary to ensure that opinions are not just a recitation of a prosecutor’s argument, but a thoughtful product of an impartial judge. Left unchecked, ghostwriting will destroy the value of opinions and undermine the integrity of adjudication

Tomato transcriptome and mutant analyses suggest a role for plant stress hormones in the interaction between fruit and Botrytis cinerea.

Fruit-pathogen interactions are a valuable biological system to study the role of plant development in the transition from resistance to susceptibility. In general, unripe fruit are resistant to pathogen infection but become increasingly more susceptible as they ripen. During ripening, fruit undergo significant physiological and biochemical changes that are coordinated by complex regulatory and hormonal signaling networks. The interplay between multiple plant stress hormones in the interaction between plant vegetative tissues and microbial pathogens has been documented extensively, but the relevance of these hormones during infections of fruit is unclear. In this work, we analyzed a transcriptome study of tomato fruit infected with Botrytis cinerea in order to profile the expression of genes for the biosynthesis, modification and signal transduction of ethylene (ET), salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), and abscisic acid (ABA), hormones that may be not only involved in ripening, but also in fruit interactions with pathogens. The changes in relative expression of key genes during infection and assays of susceptibility of fruit with impaired synthesis or perception of these hormones were used to formulate hypotheses regarding the involvement of these regulators in the outcome of the tomato fruit-B. cinerea interaction

Draft Genome Sequence of the Ascomycete Phaeoacremonium aleophilum Strain UCR-PA7, a Causal Agent of the Esca Disease Complex in Grapevines.

Grapevine infections by Phaeoacremonium aleophilum in association with other pathogenic fungi cause complex and economically important vascular diseases. Here we present the first draft of the P. aleophilum genome sequence, which comprises 624 scaffolds with a total length of 47.5 Mb (L50, 45; N50, 336 kb) and 8,926 predicted protein-coding genes

Draft Genome Sequence of the Grapevine Dieback Fungus Eutypa lata UCR-EL1.

The vascular pathogen Eutypa lata, which causes Eutypa dieback in grapevines, is a major threat to grape production worldwide. Here, we present the first draft genome sequence of E. lata (UCR-EL1). The computational prediction and annotation of the protein-coding genes of UCR-EL1 provide an initial inventory of its potential virulence factors

DIDÁCTICA DE LA GEOGRAFÍA Y SU APLICACIÓN A LA ENSEÑANZA DE LA GEOGRAFÍA EN EL TERCER CICLO Y LA ENSEÑANZA DIVERSIFICADA DE COSTA RICA

La didáctica de la geografía en las escuelas y colegios debe dejar los elementos tradicionales y obsoletos que constituyen la base del saber geográfico en la actualidad. Al respecto, la enseñanza de esa disciplina se encuentra en una situación deficiente y limitada en Costa Rica por dos razones: una formación geográfica del profesorado limitada, parcial y tradicional, y la ausencia de reflexión sobre la didáctica de la disciplina. En el artículo se sostiene la tesis de que los estudiantes deben adquirir nociones y habilidades que se interrelacionen, pero para que ello ocurra es necesario estructurar la enseñanza de la Geografía de manera gradual y significativa para el estudiantado

Análisis y Diseño de Propuestas de Reforzamiento de la Superestructura del Puente sobre el Río La Cruz

Proyecto de Graduación (Licenciatura en Ingeniería en Construcción). Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica. Escuela de Ingeniería en Construcción, 2011.Many bridges in Costa Rica have the need to be strengthened due to the poor state in which they are or in some cases with the objective of updating with the governing specifications for the design of this type of structure. This project was raised as to the objective of finding a bridge that belonged to the national road network that had the need to enhance its strength capacity and hence propose a strengthening system based on fiber reinforced polymer materials which comply with this objective. To achieve this objective, the La Cruz river bridge superstructure was analyzed. In this analysis several structural models were carried out as the current element strength was calculated, to finally determine the amount of material of the reinforcing system that was needed to comply with the demanded load conditions. A carbon fiber strengthening (CFRP) system was proposed. After the result analysis it was possible to determine that the CFRP system was the one that offered the most number of advantages when compared to a traditional strengthening system like a steel sheet system.Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica. Escuela de Ingeniería en Construcció

Fundamentos de economía agropecuaria

Documento PDF, 34 páginasGuía de estudio para el curso Fundamentos de economía agropecuaria, código 3129, que se imparte en el programa de Bachillerato en Ingeniería Agropecuaria de la UNED.Universidad Estatal a Distancia de Costa Ric

Draft Genome Sequence of Botrytis cinerea BcDW1, Inoculum for Noble Rot of Grape Berries.

Botrytized wines are produced from grape berries infected by Botrytis cinerea under specific environmental conditions. Here, we report the draft genome sequence of B. cinerea BcDW1, a strain isolated from Sémillon grapes in Napa Valley in 1992 that is used with the intent to induce noble rot for botrytized wine production

Revolución personalista y comunitaria: Una propuesta frente al falso pacifismo, expresión de violencia estructural

El presente artículo procura presentar una reflexión respecto a la noción de falso pacifismo como manifestación de violencia estructural desde los postulados de Emmanuel Mounier, específicamente a partir de la concepción de Revolución Personal y Comunitaria. La investigación parte de las concepciones del autor personalista, para finalizar esgrimiento una serie de posturas alternativas desde la obra mounierana para re-pensar las manifestaciones de crisis actual

Una apostilla a la noción aristotélica de phrónesis

El artículo propone una serie de comentarios a propósito de la noción de Phrónesis, el carácter del estudio es introductorio y prevé esclarecer considerandos aristotélicos respecto a la noción, librándola de interpretaciones errónea