112 research outputs found
Regulation of robotics: Analysis of the leading countries’ experience
The paper compares and analyzes the experiences leading states have had in robotics regulation; on the basis of the identifi best practices, proposals are formulated for Russia in the corresponding fi d. The relevance of the research is determined by the rapid growth of the global robotics market over the last decade, as well as the introduction of robots in the widest range of human activities. The leading countries in the international robotics market were selected using the benchmarking method. A comparative analysis of the regulation in the fi d of robotics was conducted through a comparison matrix composed of several criteria. The criteria included the existence of regulations and a national program for the development of robotics, the presence of responsible government bodies or organizations, and sectoral “regulatory sandboxes”. It was discovered that, of the four studied countries (the Republic of Korea, Japan, Germany, and Russia), only one has all the components of the robotics regulation system. The authors formulated certain recommendations aimed at improving the corresponding domestic regulation system. In particular, considering the best practices of foreign countries, the parties concerned are encouraged to adopt a sectoral normative legal act, as well as to establish a specialized state agency
Numerical adiabatic potentials of orthorhombic Jahn-Teller effects retrieved from ultrasound attenuation experiments. Application to the SrF2:Cr crystal
A methodology is worked out to retrieve the numerical values of all the main
parameters of the six-dimensional adiabatic potential energy surface (APES) of
a polyatomic system with a quadratic T-term Jahn-Teller effect (JTE) from
ultrasound experiments. The method is based on a verified assumption that
ultrasound attenuation and speed encounter anomalies when the direction of
propa- gation and polarization of its wave of strain coincides with the
characteristic directions of symmetry breaking in the JTE. For the SrF2:Cr
crystal, employed as a basic example, we observed anomaly peaks in the
temperature dependence of attenuation of ultrasound at frequencies of 50-160
MHz in the temperature interval of 40-60 K for the wave propagating along the
[110] direction, for both the longitudinal and shear modes, the latter with two
polarizations along the [001] and [110] axes, respectively. We show that these
anomalies are due to the ultrasound relaxation by the system of non-interacting
Cr2+ JT centers with orthorhombic local distortions. The interpretation of the
ex- perimental findings is based on the T2g (eg +t2g) JTE problem including the
linear and quadratic terms of vibronic interactions in the Hamiltonian and the
same-symmetry modes reduced to one interaction mode. Combining the experimental
results with a theoretical analysis we show that on the complicated
six-dimensional APES of this system with three tetragonal, four trigonal, and
six orthorhombic extrema points, the latter are global minima, while the former
are saddle points, and we estimate numerically all the main parameters of this
surface, including the linear and quadratic vibronic coupling constants, the
primary force constants, the coordinates of all the extrema points and their
energies, the energy barrier between the orthorhombic minima, and the tunneling
splitting of the ground vibrational states.Comment: 8 pages, 3 figure
Multi-Wavelength Studies of the Optically Dark Gamma-Ray Burst 001025A
We identify the fading X-ray afterglow of GRB 001025A from XMM-Newton
observations obtained 1.9-2.3 days, 2 years, and 2.5 years after the burst. The
non-detection of an optical counterpart to an upper limit of R=25.5, 1.20 days
after the burst, makes GRB 001025A a ``dark'' burst. Based on the X-ray
afterglow spectral properties of GRB 001025A, we argue that some bursts appear
optically dark because their afterglow is faint and their cooling frequency is
close to the X-ray band. This interpretation is applicable to several of the
few other dark bursts where the X-ray spectral index has been measured. The
X-ray afterglow flux of GRB 001025A is an order of magnitude lower than for
typical long-duration gamma-ray bursts. The spectrum of the X-ray afterglow can
be fitted with an absorbed synchrotron emission model, an absorbed thermal
plasma model, or a combination thereof. For the latter, an extrapolation to
optical wavelengths can be reconciled with the R-band upper limit on the
afterglow, without invoking any optical circumburst absorption, provided the
cooling frequency is close to the X-ray band. Alternatively, if the X-ray
afterglow is due to synchrotron emission only, seven magnitudes of extinction
in the observed R-band is required to meet the R-band upper limit, making GRB
001025A much more obscured than bursts with detected optical afterglows. Based
on the column density of X-ray absorbing circumburst matter, an SMC gas-to-dust
ratio is insufficient to produce this amount of extinction. The X-ray tail of
the prompt emission enters a steep temporal decay excluding that the tail of
the prompt emission is the onset of the afterglow (abridged).Comment: 32 pages, 8 figures, ApJ in pres
The ultraluminous GRB 110918A
GRB 110918A is the brightest long GRB detected by Konus-WIND during its 19
years of continuous observations and the most luminous GRB ever observed since
the beginning of the cosmological era in 1997. We report on the final IPN
localization of this event and its detailed multiwavelength study with a number
of space-based instruments. The prompt emission is characterized by a typical
duration, a moderare of the time-integrated spectrum, and strong
hard-to-soft evolution. The high observed energy fluence yields, at z=0.984, a
huge isotropic-equivalent energy release
erg. The record-breaking energy flux observed at the peak of the short, bright,
hard initial pulse results in an unprecedented isotropic-equivalent luminosity
erg s. A tail of the soft gamma-ray
emission was detected with temporal and spectral behavior typical of that
predicted by the synchrotron forward-shock model. Swift/XRT and Swift/UVOT
observed the bright afterglow from 1.2 to 48 days after the burst and revealed
no evidence of a jet break. The post-break scenario for the afterglow is
preferred from our analysis, with a hard underlying electron spectrum and
ISM-like circumburst environment implied. We conclude that, among multiple
reasons investigated, the tight collimation of the jet must have been a key
ingredient to produce this unusually bright burst. The inferred jet opening
angle of 1.7-3.4 deg results in reasonable values of the collimation-corrected
radiated energy and the peak luminosity, which, however, are still at the top
of their distributions for such tightly collimated events. We estimate a
detection horizon for a similar ultraluminous GRB of for Konus-WIND,
and for Swift/BAT, which stresses the importance of GRBs as probes of
the early Universe.Comment: 22 pages, 20 figures, accepted for publication in Ap
The optical identifcation of events with poorly defined locations: The case of the Fermi GBM GRB140801A
We report the early discovery of the optical afterglow of gamma-ray burst
(GRB) 140801A in the 137 deg 3- error-box of the Fermi Gamma-ray
Burst Monitor (GBM). MASTER is the only observatory that automatically react to
all Fermi alerts. GRB 140801A is one of the few GRBs whose optical counterpart
was discovered solely from its GBM localization. The optical afterglow of GRB
140801A was found by MASTER Global Robotic Net 53 sec after receiving the
alert, making it the fastest optical detection of a GRB from a GBM error-box.
Spectroscopy obtained with the 10.4-m Gran Telescopio Canarias and the 6-m BTA
of SAO RAS reveals a redshift of . We performed optical and
near-infrared photometry of GRB 140801A using different telescopes with
apertures ranging from 0.4-m to 10.4-m. GRB 140801A is a typical burst in many
ways. The rest-frame bolometric isotropic energy release and peak energy of the
burst is erg and
keV, respectively, which is consistent with the
Amati relation. The absence of a jet break in the optical light curve provides
a lower limit on the half-opening angle of the jet deg. The
observed is consistent with the limit derived from the
Ghirlanda relation. The joint Fermi GBM and Konus-Wind analysis shows that GRB
140801A could belong to the class of intermediate duration. The rapid detection
of the optical counterpart of GRB 140801A is especially important regarding the
upcoming experiments with large coordinate error-box areas.Comment: in press MNRAS, 201
A separation of electrons and protons in the GAMMA-400 gamma-ray telescope
The GAMMA-400 gamma-ray telescope is intended to measure the fluxes of gamma
rays and cosmic-ray electrons and positrons in the energy range from 100 MeV to
several TeV. Such measurements concern with the following scientific goals:
search for signatures of dark matter, investigation of gamma-ray point and
extended sources, studies of the energy spectra of Galactic and extragalactic
diffuse emission, studies of gamma-ray bursts and gamma-ray emission from the
active Sun, as well as high-precision measurements of spectra of high-energy
electrons and positrons, protons, and nuclei up to the knee. The main
components of cosmic rays are protons and helium nuclei, whereas the part of
lepton component in the total flux is ~10E-3 for high energies. In present
paper, the capability of the GAMMA-400 gamma-ray telescope to distinguish
electrons and positrons from protons in cosmic rays is investigated. The
individual contribution to the proton rejection is studied for each detector
system of the GAMMA-400 gamma-ray telescope. Using combined information from
all detector systems allow us to provide the proton rejection from electrons
with a factor of ~4x10E5 for vertical incident particles and ~3x10E5 for
particles with initial inclination of 30 degrees. The calculations were
performed for the electron energy range from 50 GeV to 1 TeV.Comment: 19 pages, 10 figures, submitted to Advances and Space Researc
GRB 080319B: A Naked-Eye Stellar Blast from the Distant Universe
Long duration gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) release copious amounts of energy
across the entire electromagnetic spectrum, and so provide a window into the
process of black hole formation from the collapse of a massive star. Over the
last forty years, our understanding of the GRB phenomenon has progressed
dramatically; nevertheless, fortuitous circumstances occasionally arise that
provide access to a regime not yet probed. GRB 080319B presented such an
opportunity, with extraordinarily bright prompt optical emission that peaked at
a visual magnitude of 5.3, making it briefly visible with the naked eye. It was
captured in exquisite detail by wide-field telescopes, imaging the burst
location from before the time of the explosion. The combination of these unique
optical data with simultaneous gamma-ray observations provides powerful
diagnostics of the detailed physics of this explosion within seconds of its
formation. Here we show that the prompt optical and gamma-ray emissions from
this event likely arise from different spectral components within the same
physical region located at a large distance from the source, implying an
extremely relativistic outflow. The chromatic behaviour of the broadband
afterglow is consistent with viewing the GRB down the very narrow inner core of
a two-component jet that is expanding into a wind-like environment consistent
with the massive star origin of long GRBs. These circumstances can explain the
extreme properties of this GRB.Comment: 43 pages, 18 figures, 3 tables, submitted to Nature May 11, 200
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