Kualitas Beberapa Telur Bermerek Khusus Dibandingkan Dengan Telur Ayam Ras Dan Buras

Quality of Branded Eggs as Compared to Layer and Domestic Chicken Eggs.Many branded eggs found in the market claimed as low in cholesterol (Low Cholesterol Egg, Golden Egg), or claimed as high in omega-3 fatty acid content (Omega-3 Egg), besides common domestic and layer chicken eggs. This brand trend attracted the consumer to buy. Nonetheless, there is a need to evaluate further on the quality they claimed besides the physical quality. The evaluation was done regarded of those 5 types of eggs on their outer measurements (shape abnormalities, size indexes, shell thickness); and inner measurements (Haugh Units, yolk color score). The results indicated that all egg types had normal appearance with size indexes of 1.24-1.38. The Haugh Units was arround 28.7-67.3 and yolk color score was arround 5.0-13.3. Based on those results, the zerro week marketed eggs (Group I) clasified as A quality and the one week marketed eggs (Group II) were B quality. The data on chemical analyses indicated that the omega-3 fatty acid content was significantly the highest (p<0.05) in Omega-3 egg, while the cholesterol content was \u27similar in all types of eggs. The easiest way to judge the quality are from the shape and size of the eggs. Those have to be in normal shape and uniform size. While the claimed on low cholesterol content is not proven

First observations of sea-level indicators related to glacial maxima at Sodwana Bay, northern KwaZulu-Natal

Recent observations made from the submersible Jago have shed new light on palaeo-sea levels found off the continental margins of southeastern Africa. The discovery of deep-water caves within the northern KwaZulu-Natal submarine canyon system, and their corresponding intertidal erosional features, indicates three deeper than present sea levels at depths of 106 m, 124 m and 130 m. A clast-supported, cobble conglomerate is associated with caves of 124 m depth. This is interpreted as a beach deposit that formed during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) at 18 000 BP. This is the first evidence of the LGM for the east coast, and suggests tectonic stability throughout southern Africa since that time

Lithospheric Structure and Evolution of Southern Africa: Constraints from Joint Inversion of Rayleigh Wave Dispersion and Receiver Functions

We conduct a joint inversion of teleseismic receiver functions and Rayleigh wave phase velocity dispersion from both ambient noise and earthquakes using data from 79 seismic stations in southern Africa, which is home to some of the world\u27s oldest cratons and orogenic belts. The area has experienced two of the largest igneous activities in the world (the Okavango dyke swarm and Bushveld mafic intrusion) and thus is an ideal locale for investigating continental formation and evolution. The resulting 3-D shear wave velocities for the depth range of 0—100Â km and crustal thickness measurements show a clear spatial correspondence with known geological features observed on the surface. Higher than normal mantle velocities found beneath the southern part of the Kaapvaal craton are consistent with the basalt removal model for the formation of cratonic lithosphere. In contrast, the Bushveld complex situated within the northern part of the craton is characterized by a thicker crust and higher crustal Vp/Vs but lower mantle velocities, which are indicative of crustal underplating of mafic materials and lithospheric refertilization by the world\u27s largest layered mafic igneous intrusion. The thickened crust and relatively low elevation observed in the Limpopo belt, which is a late Archean collisional zone between the Kaapvaal and Zimbabwe cratons, can be explained by eclogitization of the basaltic lower crust. The study also finds evidence for the presence of a stalled segment of oceanic lithosphere beneath the southern margin of the Proterozoic Namaqua-Natal mobile belt

Medical Marijuana Laws and Teen Marijuana Use

While at least a dozen state legislatures are considering bills to allow the consumption of marijuana for medicinal purposes, the federal government has recently intensified its efforts to close medical marijuana dispensaries. Federal officials contend that the legalization of medical marijuana encourages teenagers to use marijuana and have targeted dispensaries operating within 1,000 feet of schools, parks and playgrounds. Using data from the national and state Youth Risk Behavior Surveys, the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 and the Treatment Episode Data Set, we estimate the relationship between medical marijuana laws and marijuana use. Our results are not consistent with the hypothesis that legalization leads to increased use of marijuana by teenagers

A Porites lutea climate record from Sodwana Bay, South Africa

We report on a 41-year (winter 1970 to winter 2010) Porites lutea coral core climate record from Two-Mile Reef, Sodwana Bay, in the South-Western Indian Ocean. X-ray analysis, ultraviolet fluorescent photography and stable isotope (δ18O and δ13C) analysis revealed skeletal high-density, late-winter and low-density, late-summer bands with very little terrestrial humic input. An overall decrease in coral growth rate was seen over this period, possibly linked to global temperature and acidification trends. The stable isotopes δ18O and δ13C were predominantly out of phase, with calculated temperatures showing a slight increase over the 41-year period but with an overall decrease from 1994 to 2010. The insignificant ocean warming recorded in the coral supports the existence of a local, self-regulating, cold-water upwelling system from the adjacent shelf break and canyons that is potentially moderating coastal water temperature rise in Sodwana Bay.Keywords: coral core, palaeoclimatology, stable isotopes, upwellin

Geomorphological and managerial implications of fish trapping in the Kosi Bay Estuary, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

The tidal basin of the Kosi Bay lagoonal-lacustrine complex is dominated by fish traps that line the intertidal and subtidal environments. These have been considered significant sediment sinks, responsible for transformation of parts of the system from subtidal and intertidal sand-flat settings to mangrove habitats. Mangrove progradation has been attributed to sediment retention within the trap structures. Fish-trap counts since 1942 indicate no significant increase in trap number prior to 1980, but thereafter trap numbers have increased exponentially. Historical GIS analysis indicates a linear growth rate of mangrove areas since 1942, a trend not mirrored in the numbers of fish traps. Modelling of mangrove progradation indicates lateral extension rates per annum much lower than global figures for choked systems elsewhere. Modelling of choking thresholds for the Kosi Bay system yields a minimum date of ~2500 AD. By including sea-level rise within the model, newly formed mangrove communities may either be drowned or remain in step with predicted sea-level rises within the next 150–200 years. The role of fish traps in the conversion of subtidal environments to sedimentary environments dominated by mangroves is negligible, and this shallowing would not be of concern in light of the short-term nature of managerial timescales. Keywords: fish traps; GIS; Kosi Bay Estuary; sedimentationAfrican Journal of Marine Science 2006, 28(3&4): 617–62

Nannofossil age constraints for the northern KwaZulu-Natal shelf-edge wedge: Implications for continental margin dynamics, South Africa, SW Indian Ocean

Samples collected from the shelf-edge wedge using surface grab samples and the Jago submersible constrain the KwaZulu-Natal shelf-edge wedge to a late Pliocene age on the basis of the absence of Gephyrocapsa oceanica s.l. and Discoaster brouweri, and the presence of Calcidiscus macintyrei. This correlates with proposed Tertiary sea-level curves for southern Africa and indicates relative sea-level fall during the late Pliocene coupled with hinterland uplift. Exposed failure scarps in the upper portions of submarine canyons yield sediment samples of early Pleistocene ages, indicating the uppermost age of deposition of clinoform topsets exposed in the scarp walls. Partially consolidated, interbedded silty and sandy deposits of similar age outcrop in the thalweg of Leven canyon at a depth of 150 m. These sediments provide an upper age limit of the shelf-edge wedge of early Pleistocene, giving a sedimentation rate of this wedge of 162–309 m/Ma. The distribution of widespread basal-most Pleistocene sediments on the upper slope indicates that these sediments escaped major reworking during sea-level falls associated with Pleistocene glaciations and remain as relict upper slope veneers. The absence of more recent sediments suggests that this area has been a zone of sediment bypass or starvation since the early Pleistocene. Areas where younger sediments mantle deposits of early Pleistocene ages represent areas of offshore bedload parting, re-distributing younger Holocene sediment offshore and downslope

Distribution of calcareous nannoplankton in surface sediments along the northern KwaZulu-Natal Bight, South Africa

The coccolith assemblages from seafloor sediments over the inner shelf in the northern region of the KwaZulu- Natal Bight on the east coast of South Africa were identified and their distribution determined. In all, 29 Recent species and taxonomic groups, as well as 29 reworked species were recorded. The distribution of the Recent species appears to be governed by environmental features that have been documented in other studies: temperature, salinity, nutrient concentration and water circulation pattern, which reveals the long-term existence of a circulation cell in the sector between Durban Bay and the Thukela River. The outer edge of the cell consists of nutrient-enriched mixed layers and is characterised by an enhanced abundance of Gephyrocapsa oceanica, whereas the central region consists of a stratified nutrient-depleted water mass with elevated abundance of Umbilicosphaera sibogae, Florisphaera profunda, and a group of umbelliform species. The elevated levels of G. oceanica, coupled with the rarity of U. sibogae, F. profunda and the umbelliform species, confirm the presence of a permanent upwelling cell off Richards Bay. The maximum abundance of F. profunda found between Richards Bay and Lake Nhlabane indicates a region of nutrient-depleted (except for nitrite) conditions.Keywords: Agulhas Current, Holocene, Indian Ocean, nutrients, quantitative analysi