Study on antiproliferative activity of hypsizygus tessellatus and flammulina velutipes extracts adsorbed on sulphated zirconia nanoparticles against breast cancer cell lines

In this study, the in vitro biological activities of water, methanol, acetone, and ethyl acetate extracts of two Hypsizygus tessellatus variants (brown Buna shimeji and white Bunapi shimeji) and Flammulina velutipes (Enoki) were investigated. The caps and stems of the mushrooms were extracted with different solvents and chemically characterized for total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoids content (TFC), antioxidant activities (against DPPH and FRAP). Furthermore, the extracted phytochemicals from the mushrooms were identified using Ultra performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometer (UPLC-QTOF/MS). A multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) was performed on the extracted phytochemicals from the mushrooms based on the solvents used during the extraction process. Then, the antiproliferative activity of the potent fractions were evaluated against two breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) using MTT assay. Further investigations were carried out on the antiproliferative activity of the mushroom extracts adsorbed on sulphated zirconia nanoparticles (SZN). The results of this study showed the mushroom caps extracts to have more TPC and TFC compared to the stem extracts. Enoki cap extracts contained higher TPC and TFC compared to Buna shimeji and Bunapi shimeji cap extracts. The mushroom order of the observed antioxidant activity of the extracts was: Enoki > Bunapi shimeji > Buna shimeji, and in the solvent order: water > methanol > acetone > ethyl acetate. The TPC of the extracts showed a positive correlation with their antioxidant activities whole the MCA analysis showed a positive correlation between the extraction solvents and the extracted phytochemicals from the mushrooms. The antiproliferative study of the extracts using two cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) showed a considerable level of sensitivity of the cell lines to water and methanol extracts of Enoki and Bunapi shimeji caps. Among the extracts, Enoki caps water extract showed the highest antiproliferative activity against MCF-7 (IC50 value ranged from 14.42–24.84 μg/mL) and MDA-MB-231 (IC50 value ranged from 151.57 – 227.99 μg/mL) after 72 h. SZN also showed a considerable level of antiproliferative activity against the cancer cell lines at the studied concentrations while the Normal (normal) cells were less sensitive to SZN (IC50 value range of 130.7 – 134.1 μg/mL) compared to MCF-7 cells (IC50 value range of 36.5 – 37.0 μg/mL) and MDA-MB-231 cells (IC50 value range of 68.9 – 70.9 μg/mL). The adsorption of the extracts on SZN synergistically improved their antiproliferative activities against the cancer cell lines (p < 0.05), but Enoki caps water extract showed the best antiproliferative activity after adsorption on SZN. Conclusively, water and methanol extracts of Enoki and Bunapi shimeji caps significantly inhibited the in vitro proliferation of MCF-7 and MDA-MB 231, and it can be suggested that their antiproliferative activity against the cancer cell lines was enhanced through adsorption of the phytochemicals on the sulphated zirconia nanoparticles

Extraction and characterization of bioactive compounds in Vernonia amygdalina leaf ethanolic extract comparing Soxhlet and microwave-assisted extraction techniques

The bioactive compounds in Vernonia amygdalina leaf were extracted using ethanol through Soxhlet and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) techniques. The phytochemical analysis was carried out on the ethanolic extracts using the standard techniques. This analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids, terpenoids, glycosides, tannins, phenols, saponins, and the absence of anthraquinones. Furthermore, gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GCMS) analysis results revealed the presence of more phytochemicals in the extract obtained through MAE compared to Soxhlet extraction technique, whereby phytol was present in a higher percentage. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis confirmed the presence of phytochemicals in the extracts. Moreover, the IC50 values of the extracts antioxidant activities were evaluated using DPPH and ABTS assays. There exists a clear correlation between total phenolic content, total flavonoid content and antioxidant activity of the extracts. Therefore, this study suggested that higher phenolic compounds responsible for natural antioxidant could be obtained from V. amygdalina leaf using the microwave-assisted extraction technique

Acetone extract of Flammulina velutipes caps: A promising source of antioxidant and anticancer agents

The high death rate associated with cancer has fuelled the search for complementary cancer treatment methods in recent times. Among the leading alternative methods is natural products which have attracted much attention due to their high body tolerance. In this study, the caps of Flammulina velutipes (commonly called Enoki), an edible mushroom, were extracted with different solvents and characterized for in vitro antioxidant and anticancer activities. The anticancer activity of the extract was studied against breast cancer cells (MCF-7 and MDAMD-231) and normal or Vero breast cells (MCF-10a). The radical scavenging, metal reducing power, and anticancer properties of the extracts were investigated via in vitro chemical and cell-based methods. Furthermore, a phytochemical profiling process was performed on the extract fraction with the highest level of biological activities using Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry coupled with quadrupole time of flight (LC-MS-QTof). The results showed acetone fraction of Enoki caps to exhibit more radical scavenging activity against 2,2-diphenyl- 1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radicals (IC50=0.840 mg/mL) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) radicals (IC50=0.890 mg/mL) compared to the ethyl acetate fraction (IC50=0.97 mg/mL against DPPH and 1.180 mg/ mL against H2O2). Additionally, acetone fraction showed a better metal reducing property in a concentration-dependent manner. The in vitro cytotoxicity study showed a preferential level of toxicity of the acetone extract to the studied cancer cell lines compared to the Vero cells. This extract showed more cytotoxicity against MCF-7 (IC50 value ranged from 17.7 μg/mL to 38.36 μg/mL) and MDA-MB-231 (IC50 value ranged from 114.5 μg/mL to 184.2 μg/mL) compared to MCF-10a (> 250 μg/mL). These findings present F. velutipes caps as a potential natural source of antioxidant and anticancer agents

BETWEEN THE BIOACTIVE EXTRACTS OF EDIBLE MUSHROOMS AND PHARMACOLOGICALLY IMPORTANT NANOPARTICLES: NEED FOR THE INVESTIGATION OF A SYNERGISTIC COMBINATION - A MINI REVIEW

ABSTRACTThe pharmacological potential of bioactive compounds extracted from mushrooms has been studied to a reasonable level. In the same vein, thebioactivity of nanoparticles has also been investigated and reported to be of potential pharmacological benefit. No doubt, there is a reasonableamount of claims regarding the vast activity of the mushroom extracts and nanoparticles on the tested cell lines and microorganisms. In this paper,a review of the recent application of bioactive compounds extracted from two edible mushrooms (Coprinus comatus and Lactarius deliciosus), aswell as some of the recently reported studies on some nanoparticles of pharmacological potentials, was carried out. In order to check for synergy inthe bioactivity of the mushroom extracts when co-administered with nanoparticles, an investigation on the synergistic application of the materialsthrough the encapsulation of the bioactive extracts from the mushroom onto the nanoparticle was proposed. The supposed synergy in the activity ofthe extract-nanoparticle complex could hold the key to improved activity of nutraceuticals against resistant microorganisms and tumor cells.Keywords: Coprinus comatus, Lactarius deliciosus, Nanoparticles, Synergy, Bioactive extracts

Between the bioactive extracts of edible mushrooms and pharmacologically important nanoparticles: Need for the investigation of a synergistic combination - A mini review

The pharmacological potential of bioactive compounds extracted from mushrooms has been studied to a reasonable level. In the same vein, the bioactivity of nanoparticles has also been investigated and reported to be of potential pharmacological benefit. No doubt, there is a reasonable amount of claims regarding the vast activity of the mushroom extracts and nanoparticles on the tested cell lines and microorganisms. In this paper, a review of the recent application of bioactive compounds extracted from two edible mushrooms (Coprinus comatus and Lactarius deliciosus), as well as some of the recently reported studies on some nanoparticles of pharmacological potentials, was carried out. In order to check for synergy in the bioactivity of the mushroom extracts when co-administered with nanoparticles, an investigation on the synergistic application of the materials through the encapsulation of the bioactive extracts from the mushroom onto the nanoparticle was proposed. The supposed synergy in the activity of the extract-nanoparticle complex could hold the key to improved activity of nutraceuticals against resistant microorganisms and tumor cells

Phenolic compounds of aqueous and methanol extracts of hypsizygus tessellatus (brown and white var.) and flammulina velutipes caps : antioxidant and antiproliferative activities

Since the World Health Organization has suggested the exploration of natural products for cancer management owing to the side effects of chemotherapy and irradiation on humans and breast cancer accounts for the highest number of cancer related deaths globally, this study has examined antiproliferative effects of the aqueous and methanol extracts of Hypsizygus tessellatus (brown and white var.) and Flammulina velutipes caps against two breast cancer cell lines. The antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of these mushroom extracts were evaluated in vitro using chemical-based (for antioxidant activity) and cell (for antiproliferative activity) approaches. Furthermore, the phytochemical composition of the mushroom extracts were identified using mass spectroscopy (UPLC-QTOF/MS). The obtained results showed aqueous extracts of F. velutipes (Enoki) and white H. tessellatus (Bunapi shimeji) caps to possess higher antiodixant activities against DPPH (IC50 = 0.202 and 0.573 mg/mL, respectively), and H2O2 (IC50 = 0.622 and 0.745 mg/mL, respectively) compared tothe methanol extracts. Aqueous extracts of the mushrooms also showed better ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) values against ferric ions compared to the methanol extracts. Finally, the mushroom extracts showed good antiproliferative activities against human breast cancer cell lines. These findings suggest the presence of phytochemicals with antiproliferative and antioxidant acrtivities in the mushroom extracts studied

Phenolic compounds of aqueous and Methanol extracts of Hypsizygus tessellatus (brown and white var.) and Flammulina velutipes caps: antioxidant and antiproliferative activities

Since the World Health Organization has suggested the exploration of natural products for cancer management owing to the side effects of chemotherapy and irradiation on humans and breast cancer accounts for the highest number of cancer related deaths globally, this study has examined antiproliferative effects of the aqueous and methanol extracts of Hypsizygus tessellatus (brown and white var.) and Flammulina velutipes caps against two breast cancer cell lines. The antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of these mushroom extracts were evaluated in vitro using chemical-based (for antioxidant activity) and cell (for antiproliferative activity) approaches. Furthermore, the phytochemical composition of the mushroom extracts were identified using mass spectroscopy (UPLC-QTOF/MS). The obtained results showed aqueous extracts of F. velutipes (Enoki) and white H. tessellatus (Bunapi shimeji) caps to possess higher antiodixant activities against DPPH (IC50 = 0.202 and 0.573 mg/mL, respectively), and H2O2 (IC50 = 0.622 and 0.745 mg/mL, respectively) compared tothe methanol extracts. Aqueous extracts of the mushrooms also showed better ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) values against ferric ions compared to the methanol extracts. Finally, the mushroom extracts showed good antiproliferative activities against human breast cancer cell lines. These findings suggest the presence of phytochemicals with antiproliferative and antioxidant acrtivities in the mushroom extracts studied

Detection of ESBL and MBL in Acinetobacter spp. and their plasmid profile analysis

The prevalence of extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs), metalloβ-lactamases (MBL), and plasmid-mediated resistance is a severe threat to current lactam therapy leading to treatment failure. Therefore, in this research, an investigation has been conducted to study the presence of ESBL and MBL genes in Acinetobacter spp. and their relationship to antimicrobial resistance. Fifty Acinetobacter spp. isolates were collected from both pediatric and adult patients at Sungai Buloh Hospital, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The Double Disk Synergy Test (DDST) and the E-test have been used to detect ESBL and MBL production. The plasmid was extracted using the Close and Rodriguez (1982) method with modification in addition to the QIAprep Spin Kit. Among the fifty Acinetobacter isolates, eleven (22%) were ESBL-positive, while none of the strains produced MBLs. Fourteen isolates were positive for a plasmid with an occurrence rate (POR) of 28 %. These fourteen isolates appeared to harbor one or more plasmids with a maximum of four plasmids. Four isolates had single plasmids, and five carried four plasmids, while four and one isolates had two and one plasmids respectively. The sizes of the plasmid DNA were found to range between 1.8 kb and 14 kb. This study emphasizes the problematic raising frequency of ESBL, MBL, and plasmid-mediated resistance. This awareness highlights an urgent need to prevent and control such bacteri

Optimization of pretreatment and saccharification processes of empty fruit bunches (efb) for bioethanol production

Environmental degradation and episodes of global warming have facilitated studies into alternative sources of energy carriers for economic use. Green energy carriers such as bioethanol and biodiesel have waged the gap but not without a snag. Pretreatment of biomass for the production of biofuel has conventionally been done using energy and chemical agents which are not sustainable to the environment as well. Hence, in this study, a novel pretreatment method for the pretreatment of Empty fruit bunches (EFB) was studied and statistically optimized. The optimization of the process parameters for the pretreatment and saccharification of EFB using laccase and cellulase enzymes (enzyme and substrate concentrations, size of EFB, time, pH and temperature) were studied using one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) and response surface methodology (RSM). The results of the study showed that the activity of laccase enzyme was more affected by the temperature of the reaction than any other factor. The optimized condition for the pretreatment of EFB with laccase enzyme was achieved as: temperature 35 oC, duration 4 h, enzyme concentration 20 IU/g of EFB, EFB concentration 5 % (w/v), and a reaction buffer of pH 5. The optimized saccharification condition of the enzyme pretreated EFB was studied and achieved as: temperature 50 oC, duration 24 h, enzyme concentration 30 IU/g of EFB, EFB concentration 5 % (w/v), and pH 5. Furthermore, the analysis of variance (ANOVA) of the statistically optimized parameters showed that temperature of pretreatment has higher significant effect (P < .05) compared to pH, while the pH during saccharification has higher significant effect (P < .05) compared to temperature. Ethanol production was evaluated at the optimized pretreatment and saccharification conditions and a yield of 29.13 % by total sugar content was achieved, as well as 31.12 % by biomass content. The pretreatment of EFB with laccase enzyme at the above modelled pretreatment conditions could contribute to the sustainability efforts aimed towards reduction of greenhouse gas emission from chemical agents and keep the environment safe from the harmful effect of global warming

Biological Characterization of Water Extracts from the Caps and Stalks of White Hypsizygus Tessellatus (Bunapi Shimeji) and Flammulina Velutipes (Enoki) Mushrooms

Context:Mushrooms have been consumed over the years for nutritional and medicinal values. The emergence of many disease conditions has necessitated studies into other sources of pharmacological agents other than the synthetic and chemical agents. The diversification of the sources of materials for combating human diseases is a better way of combating the issues of drug resistance currently experienced. The biological activities and composition of water extract from the caps and stalks of White Hypsizygus tessellatus (Bunapishimeji), and Flammulina velutipes (Enoki mushroom) were evaluated.Methods:The antioxidant and antibacterial activities were evaluated through their scavenging ability on 1, 1-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and the inhibition of bacterial growth in vitro, respectively. Results:From the results, the Enoki extractshad the highest phenolic contentcompared to Bunapi shimeji. Enoki extracts, both caps, and stalks showed the highest scavenging activity against DPPH free radicals (>70 % and >60 %, respectively) at the tested concentrations. Bunapi shimeji extracts had the strongest activity against the tested G- organisms. Reduced activity was observed against the tested G+ organisms likely due to cell wall resistance.Gentamycin was used as the standard antibiotic. Conclusion:The outcome of the study showed that the studied mushrooms are good sources of natural antioxidants