Factors predicting the outcome following treatment for lumbar spondylolysis

Abstract of Study 1 Study design A non �randomised continuous retrospective cross sectional and observational study Objective 1) To evaluate the results of nonoperative treatment of symptomatic lumbar pars stress injuries or spondylolysis in sporting as well as non sporting individuals 2) To determine the factors responsible for non-operative method of managing symptomatic lumbar spondylolysis in young population 3) To evaluate the outcome in different types of sports 4) To establish the role of compulsory non-operative treatment for symptomatic lumbar spondylolysis in sporting individuals Summary of Background Data The treatment and management of symptomatic spondylolysis in sporting populations is mainly based on observation rather than experimental study. Conservative treatment in the form of bracing and avoidance of sports for at least three to six months has been recommended. Excellent or good results following bracing and physical therapy have been observed in 80% patients. Criteria for return to sport are dominated by symptom led decisions. Methods The research was carried out as a qualitative, descriptive and analytic study with a non-randomised cohort of patients investigated for spondylolysis in a single centre. A total number of 123 patients treated conservatively following confirmation by imaging studies (SPECT,CT or MRI scans) as having stress fractures of the lumbar pars interarticularis (PI) ranging in age from 8 to 35 years have been selected for the study. All patients attending the Back pain clinic has to follow a protocol of filling up the VAS, ODI and SF-36 questionnaires as a part of their assessment. At the time of the study these questionnaires along with the Back Pain & Sports Questionnaire (BPSQ) were sent to all but only 123 patients responded who were included in the study 1. The background data contains gender, age, date of onset of symptoms with current limitation in sport, pain in flexion or extension, type of sport, level of sport and length of treatment. The data also contains each subject with level, number, laterality and distribution of lumbar spondylolysis, investigations, outcome with VAS, ODI, SF-36 and Back pain and sports questionnaire (BPSQ) and return to sports. We classified the individual sports into seven types depending on the major movements of the body. Descriptive and analytical statistics was performed along with correlation testing between the outcome measures and predictive factors. Results The mean age of onset of back pain was 21.7 years (range 8-35 years). Most patients were between the ages of 15&19 years (43) followed by 20&24 years (32). The Male: Female ratio was 74:49. There were 98/123 (76.9%) sporting individuals. 35/98 (35%) were professional players, 29/98 (29.5%) were semi professional and 34/98 (34.6%) were amateur sportsmen and women. Cricket (22) followed by Football (22) were the most common type of sports played. Trunk twisting movement was the common denominator in most of the patients with pars defect. The cricketers (13) with unilateral pars defect had more commonly left sided pars defect than the right (10 left vs 3 right). Right sided pars defect was more commonly observed in soccer players (7:1). Most incomplete fractures were observed at L4 in the cricketers. The non sporting group had consulted with a delay of more than six months since the onset of pain. 60% pars lesion was observed at L5 followed by L4 (11.3%), L3 (9.7%) and L2 (2.4%). At L5 most were bilateral lesions (81%). Spina bifida was recorded in 16% patients. The mean pre and post treatment VAS score was 4.5 and 0.65 respectively (SD- 0.8,p<0.01). The mean pre and post treatment ODI was 35.5 (SD-7.8) and 6.9 (SD- 7.6) respectively (p<0.01). In the SF-36 scores, the mean score for the physical component of health improved from 34.9 (SD � 5.3) to 49.3 (SD -6.6) (p< 0.001). The mean score for the mental component of health improved from 40.2 (SD -5.2) to 52.0 (SD-6.0) (p<0.001). The mean BPSQ score was 52.5 (range 0-90). The mean pretreatment and post-treatment VAS and ODI scores were slightly better in males as compared to females. In the unilateral group, 28/36 (77%) patients had complete relief of pain by a mean time of 4.2 months (range 3-7 months). In the bilateral group, 47/59 (79%) patients had complete pain relief at a mean time of 6.5 months (3-12 months). In the unilateral pars defect group, 32/36 sporting individuals returned to active sports. In the bilateral pars defect group, 49/59 sporting individuals returned to active sports. There was significant difference between the sporting and the non-sporting group in their age (mean 20.7 vs 25.4 years, p <0.001). There was significant difference between the two groups in all pre and post treatment outcome scores. The pre treatment VAS score had most significant correlation with post treatment ODI ( =0.634, p <0.01) and post treatment VAS scores ( =0.626, p<0.01). Conclusion A treatment protocol of rest for 4-6 weeks followed by the functional restorative program has excellent or good outcome in 85% sporting individuals with symptomatic pars defect. Male sporting individuals have better outcome than females. Unilateral pars lesions have a better outcome than bilateral pars lesions. Bracing may not be required in most patients if the pain subsides on restriction of activity. Full functional recovery to previous level of activity is possible with the help of dynamic spinal stabilization exercises and physical therapy. The individuals involved in trunk twisting sports should be evaluated carefully for muscle imbalance in the lumbar spine and they should have altered techniques of sporting activity without compromising the performance in the rehabilitation phase. Abstract of Study 2 Study Design A non �randomised continuous retrospective observational study Objective 1) To identify the most significant determinant of surgical intervention in lumbar pars defect 2) To identify the independent factors that predict a successful outcome following surgery for lumbar pars defect in young sporting individuals 3) Can we establish an outcome predictive model based on these significant factors responsible for a successful outcome? Summary of Background Data Most athletes or young active professional sportsmen or women would like to return to their previous level of sports since they may be earning their livelihood through the sport. Early onset of symptoms and conservative treatment in these patients may lead to a good clinical outcome but it is difficult to predict which group or which individuals will require surgical repair of the defect. Young athletes to have returned to competitive sports after surgery have been reported only in few previous papers. The first cohort from this series was published in 2003. ODI (Oswestry Disability Index) and SF-36 (Short form) scores were used to evaluate the final outcome for the first time in lumbar spondyloysis for outcome analysis. Methods A total number of 55 patients treated operatively following confirmation by imaging studies (SPECT,CT or MRI scans) as having stress fractures of the lumbar pars interarticularis (PI) ranging in age from 8 to 35 years have been selected for the study. All patients attending the Back pain clinic has to follow a protocol of filling up the VAS, ODI and SF-36 questionnaires as a part of their assessment. At the time of the study these questionnaires along with the Back Pain & Sports Questionnaire (BPSQ) were sent to all but only 50/55 patients responded. The background data contains gender, age, date of onset of symptoms with current limitation in sport, pain in flexion or extension, type of sport, level of sport and length of treatment. The data also contains each subject with level, number, laterality and distribution of lumbar spondylolysis, investigations, outcome with VAS, ODI, SF-36 and Back pain & sports questionnaire (BPSQ) and return to sports. Descriptive and analytical statistics was performed along with correlation testing between the outcome measures and predictive factors. Multiple regression analysis was carried out with post-operative ODI as the dependent variable to identify the predictor variables and develop a regression equation to predict the outcome. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) estimation was also carried out combining the conservative (Study 1) and operative (Study 2) group to identify the significant predictor of surgery. Results The mean age of onset of back pain was 18.3 years, ranging from 8 to 35 years. For analyzing further to assess the significance of age in the treatment of spondylolysis we divided the patients into five groups of age. The groups were: 1) 8-14 years, 2) 15-19years, 3) 20-24 years, 4) 25-29 years and 5) >30 years. We had 10 patients in Group 1, 24 patients in group 2, 11 patients in group 3, 7 patients in group 4 and 3 patients in group 5. The Male: Female ratio was 40:15 (73% male). There was 52/55 (94%) subjects were involved in sports of which most common sport was Football (22) followed by cricket (8), gymnastics (3), swimming (3), athletics (3) tennis (3) and others. 27/52 (52%) were professional players, 14/52 (27%) were semi professional and 7/52 (13.5%) were amateur sportsmen and women. The number of patients in the kicking sports was 26/52 (50%) and throwing and trunk twisting sports were 2/52 (3.8%) and 24/52 (46.2%) respectively. The mean duration of symptoms before surgery was 5.7 months (3 to 36). The lumbar levels were 43/55 (78%) at L5, 3/55 (5.5%) at L4 and 4/55 (7.2%) at L3. Multiple level involvements were observed in 5/55 (9%). Modified Buck�s screw repair of the pars defect was carried out in 44 patients (33M:11 F). Unilateral repair was performed in 8 patients (7M:1F) and bilateral repair was performed in 36 patients (26M:10F). The mean pre treatment and post treatment VAS score was 6.6 (SD-0.97) and 0.8 (SD-1.12) respectively [p<0.01]. The mean pre treatment ODI was 37.6 (SD -10.5) and the mean post-treatment ODI was 9.2 (SD � 13.4) [p<0.01]. In the SF-36 scores, the mean score for the physical component of health improved from 32.7 (SD � 7.1) to 50.1 (SD -8.8) (p< 0.001). The mean score for the mental component of health improved from 42.8 (SD -8.4) to 54.4 (SD-8.2) (p<0.001). The mean BPSQ score was 49.6 (range 15-73). In the unilateral group with Buck�s repair, 7/8 (87%) patients had complete relief of pain at a mean time of 6.5 months (range 6-9months) following surgery. In the bilateral group, with Buck�s repair in single level i.e. 33/36 (93%) patients had complete pain relief at a mean time of 7.5 months (6-12months). 44/52 (84%) individuals had returned to the sports. In the bilateral pars defect group, there were 19 footballers at various levels. Of these 14 returned to the same level at which they had been competing before the onset of their symptoms. All the sporting individuals who returned to sports had their post-treatment ODI score of <10 and minimum BPSQ scores of 48. The preoperative VAS score was significantly correlated with the post-operative VAS i.e. =0.53 (p<0.01) and both pre & post operative ODI scores i.e. =0.51 (p<0.01) and =0.33 (p<0.05) respectively. When the regression modeling was completed the independent variables included were (preoperative ODI, preoperative SF36pcs, Buck�s repair, multiple operations, professional sporting individual and pars defect at L3), the adjusted R2 was 0.809. This indicates that the regression model is a good predictor of the outcome variable i.e. post-operative ODI. The independent variables which are selected by the regression model have significant effect on the post-operative ODI. The multiple linear equation for predicting post operative ODI scores is: Post operative ODI score = 30.121 + (0.327 x pre operative ODI score) + (-0.581 x preoperative SF36pcs score) + (-11.872 x Bucks repair) + (26.503 x Multiple operation) + (-6.792 x professional) + (21.034 x L3 pars defect). In the ROC estimation the area under the curve (AUC) for pre treatment VAS score was 0.94 (CI: 0.904 � 0.974, p<0.001). This suggests that the pre treatment VAS scores are the best indicator of a patient requiring surgery over the period of 6-12 months. Conclusion The outcome following direct repair of pars defect beyond 30 years of age is unpredictable. There is no difference in the functional outcome between the two genders. Preoperative VAS score of >6 is the most sensitive indicator (90%) for direct repair of pars defect. Professionalism in sports has a high impact on the outcome of an individual following surgical repair of the defect. Unilateral spondylolysis do slightly better than bilateral spondylolysis following Buck�s repair. Preoperative ODI and SF-36 pcs scores are significant predictor of a good functional outcome. BPSQ scores may be able to predict the return of sporting individuals to respective sports following treatment for lumbar spondylolysis. The predictive model presented above could predict the outcome in 82.8 % sporting individuals undergoing Buck�s repair

Factors predicting the outcome following treatment for lumbar spondylolysis

Abstract of Study 1 Study design A non �randomised continuous retrospective cross sectional and observational study Objective 1) To evaluate the results of nonoperative treatment of symptomatic lumbar pars stress injuries or spondylolysis in sporting as well as non sporting individuals 2) To determine the factors responsible for non-operative method of managing symptomatic lumbar spondylolysis in young population 3) To evaluate the outcome in different types of sports 4) To establish the role of compulsory non-operative treatment for symptomatic lumbar spondylolysis in sporting individuals Summary of Background Data The treatment and management of symptomatic spondylolysis in sporting populations is mainly based on observation rather than experimental study. Conservative treatment in the form of bracing and avoidance of sports for at least three to six months has been recommended. Excellent or good results following bracing and physical therapy have been observed in 80% patients. Criteria for return to sport are dominated by symptom led decisions. Methods The research was carried out as a qualitative, descriptive and analytic study with a non-randomised cohort of patients investigated for spondylolysis in a single centre. A total number of 123 patients treated conservatively following confirmation by imaging studies (SPECT,CT or MRI scans) as having stress fractures of the lumbar pars interarticularis (PI) ranging in age from 8 to 35 years have been selected for the study. All patients attending the Back pain clinic has to follow a protocol of filling up the VAS, ODI and SF-36 questionnaires as a part of their assessment. At the time of the study these questionnaires along with the Back Pain & Sports Questionnaire (BPSQ) were sent to all but only 123 patients responded who were included in the study 1. The background data contains gender, age, date of onset of symptoms with current limitation in sport, pain in flexion or extension, type of sport, level of sport and length of treatment. The data also contains each subject with level, number, laterality and distribution of lumbar spondylolysis, investigations, outcome with VAS, ODI, SF-36 and Back pain and sports questionnaire (BPSQ) and return to sports. We classified the individual sports into seven types depending on the major movements of the body. Descriptive and analytical statistics was performed along with correlation testing between the outcome measures and predictive factors. Results The mean age of onset of back pain was 21.7 years (range 8-35 years). Most patients were between the ages of 15&19 years (43) followed by 20&24 years (32). The Male: Female ratio was 74:49. There were 98/123 (76.9%) sporting individuals. 35/98 (35%) were professional players, 29/98 (29.5%) were semi professional and 34/98 (34.6%) were amateur sportsmen and women. Cricket (22) followed by Football (22) were the most common type of sports played. Trunk twisting movement was the common denominator in most of the patients with pars defect. The cricketers (13) with unilateral pars defect had more commonly left sided pars defect than the right (10 left vs 3 right). Right sided pars defect was more commonly observed in soccer players (7:1). Most incomplete fractures were observed at L4 in the cricketers. The non sporting group had consulted with a delay of more than six months since the onset of pain. 60% pars lesion was observed at L5 followed by L4 (11.3%), L3 (9.7%) and L2 (2.4%). At L5 most were bilateral lesions (81%). Spina bifida was recorded in 16% patients. The mean pre and post treatment VAS score was 4.5 and 0.65 respectively (SD- 0.8,p<0.01). The mean pre and post treatment ODI was 35.5 (SD-7.8) and 6.9 (SD- 7.6) respectively (p<0.01). In the SF-36 scores, the mean score for the physical component of health improved from 34.9 (SD � 5.3) to 49.3 (SD -6.6) (p< 0.001). The mean score for the mental component of health improved from 40.2 (SD -5.2) to 52.0 (SD-6.0) (p<0.001). The mean BPSQ score was 52.5 (range 0-90). The mean pretreatment and post-treatment VAS and ODI scores were slightly better in males as compared to females. In the unilateral group, 28/36 (77%) patients had complete relief of pain by a mean time of 4.2 months (range 3-7 months). In the bilateral group, 47/59 (79%) patients had complete pain relief at a mean time of 6.5 months (3-12 months). In the unilateral pars defect group, 32/36 sporting individuals returned to active sports. In the bilateral pars defect group, 49/59 sporting individuals returned to active sports. There was significant difference between the sporting and the non-sporting group in their age (mean 20.7 vs 25.4 years, p <0.001). There was significant difference between the two groups in all pre and post treatment outcome scores. The pre treatment VAS score had most significant correlation with post treatment ODI ( =0.634, p <0.01) and post treatment VAS scores ( =0.626, p<0.01). Conclusion A treatment protocol of rest for 4-6 weeks followed by the functional restorative program has excellent or good outcome in 85% sporting individuals with symptomatic pars defect. Male sporting individuals have better outcome than females. Unilateral pars lesions have a better outcome than bilateral pars lesions. Bracing may not be required in most patients if the pain subsides on restriction of activity. Full functional recovery to previous level of activity is possible with the help of dynamic spinal stabilization exercises and physical therapy. The individuals involved in trunk twisting sports should be evaluated carefully for muscle imbalance in the lumbar spine and they should have altered techniques of sporting activity without compromising the performance in the rehabilitation phase. Abstract of Study 2 Study Design A non �randomised continuous retrospective observational study Objective 1) To identify the most significant determinant of surgical intervention in lumbar pars defect 2) To identify the independent factors that predict a successful outcome following surgery for lumbar pars defect in young sporting individuals 3) Can we establish an outcome predictive model based on these significant factors responsible for a successful outcome? Summary of Background Data Most athletes or young active professional sportsmen or women would like to return to their previous level of sports since they may be earning their livelihood through the sport. Early onset of symptoms and conservative treatment in these patients may lead to a good clinical outcome but it is difficult to predict which group or which individuals will require surgical repair of the defect. Young athletes to have returned to competitive sports after surgery have been reported only in few previous papers. The first cohort from this series was published in 2003. ODI (Oswestry Disability Index) and SF-36 (Short form) scores were used to evaluate the final outcome for the first time in lumbar spondyloysis for outcome analysis. Methods A total number of 55 patients treated operatively following confirmation by imaging studies (SPECT,CT or MRI scans) as having stress fractures of the lumbar pars interarticularis (PI) ranging in age from 8 to 35 years have been selected for the study. All patients attending the Back pain clinic has to follow a protocol of filling up the VAS, ODI and SF-36 questionnaires as a part of their assessment. At the time of the study these questionnaires along with the Back Pain & Sports Questionnaire (BPSQ) were sent to all but only 50/55 patients responded. The background data contains gender, age, date of onset of symptoms with current limitation in sport, pain in flexion or extension, type of sport, level of sport and length of treatment. The data also contains each subject with level, number, laterality and distribution of lumbar spondylolysis, investigations, outcome with VAS, ODI, SF-36 and Back pain & sports questionnaire (BPSQ) and return to sports. Descriptive and analytical statistics was performed along with correlation testing between the outcome measures and predictive factors. Multiple regression analysis was carried out with post-operative ODI as the dependent variable to identify the predictor variables and develop a regression equation to predict the outcome. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) estimation was also carried out combining the conservative (Study 1) and operative (Study 2) group to identify the significant predictor of surgery. Results The mean age of onset of back pain was 18.3 years, ranging from 8 to 35 years. For analyzing further to assess the significance of age in the treatment of spondylolysis we divided the patients into five groups of age. The groups were: 1) 8-14 years, 2) 15-19years, 3) 20-24 years, 4) 25-29 years and 5) >30 years. We had 10 patients in Group 1, 24 patients in group 2, 11 patients in group 3, 7 patients in group 4 and 3 patients in group 5. The Male: Female ratio was 40:15 (73% male). There was 52/55 (94%) subjects were involved in sports of which most common sport was Football (22) followed by cricket (8), gymnastics (3), swimming (3), athletics (3) tennis (3) and others. 27/52 (52%) were professional players, 14/52 (27%) were semi professional and 7/52 (13.5%) were amateur sportsmen and women. The number of patients in the kicking sports was 26/52 (50%) and throwing and trunk twisting sports were 2/52 (3.8%) and 24/52 (46.2%) respectively. The mean duration of symptoms before surgery was 5.7 months (3 to 36). The lumbar levels were 43/55 (78%) at L5, 3/55 (5.5%) at L4 and 4/55 (7.2%) at L3. Multiple level involvements were observed in 5/55 (9%). Modified Buck�s screw repair of the pars defect was carried out in 44 patients (33M:11 F). Unilateral repair was performed in 8 patients (7M:1F) and bilateral repair was performed in 36 patients (26M:10F). The mean pre treatment and post treatment VAS score was 6.6 (SD-0.97) and 0.8 (SD-1.12) respectively [p<0.01]. The mean pre treatment ODI was 37.6 (SD -10.5) and the mean post-treatment ODI was 9.2 (SD � 13.4) [p<0.01]. In the SF-36 scores, the mean score for the physical component of health improved from 32.7 (SD � 7.1) to 50.1 (SD -8.8) (p< 0.001). The mean score for the mental component of health improved from 42.8 (SD -8.4) to 54.4 (SD-8.2) (p<0.001). The mean BPSQ score was 49.6 (range 15-73). In the unilateral group with Buck�s repair, 7/8 (87%) patients had complete relief of pain at a mean time of 6.5 months (range 6-9months) following surgery. In the bilateral group, with Buck�s repair in single level i.e. 33/36 (93%) patients had complete pain relief at a mean time of 7.5 months (6-12months). 44/52 (84%) individuals had returned to the sports. In the bilateral pars defect group, there were 19 footballers at various levels. Of these 14 returned to the same level at which they had been competing before the onset of their symptoms. All the sporting individuals who returned to sports had their post-treatment ODI score of <10 and minimum BPSQ scores of 48. The preoperative VAS score was significantly correlated with the post-operative VAS i.e. =0.53 (p<0.01) and both pre & post operative ODI scores i.e. =0.51 (p<0.01) and =0.33 (p<0.05) respectively. When the regression modeling was completed the independent variables included were (preoperative ODI, preoperative SF36pcs, Buck�s repair, multiple operations, professional sporting individual and pars defect at L3), the adjusted R2 was 0.809. This indicates that the regression model is a good predictor of the outcome variable i.e. post-operative ODI. The independent variables which are selected by the regression model have significant effect on the post-operative ODI. The multiple linear equation for predicting post operative ODI scores is: Post operative ODI score = 30.121 + (0.327 x pre operative ODI score) + (-0.581 x preoperative SF36pcs score) + (-11.872 x Bucks repair) + (26.503 x Multiple operation) + (-6.792 x professional) + (21.034 x L3 pars defect). In the ROC estimation the area under the curve (AUC) for pre treatment VAS score was 0.94 (CI: 0.904 � 0.974, p<0.001). This suggests that the pre treatment VAS scores are the best indicator of a patient requiring surgery over the period of 6-12 months. Conclusion The outcome following direct repair of pars defect beyond 30 years of age is unpredictable. There is no difference in the functional outcome between the two genders. Preoperative VAS score of >6 is the most sensitive indicator (90%) for direct repair of pars defect. Professionalism in sports has a high impact on the outcome of an individual following surgical repair of the defect. Unilateral spondylolysis do slightly better than bilateral spondylolysis following Buck�s repair. Preoperative ODI and SF-36 pcs scores are significant predictor of a good functional outcome. BPSQ scores may be able to predict the return of sporting individuals to respective sports following treatment for lumbar spondylolysis. The predictive model presented above could predict the outcome in 82.8 % sporting individuals undergoing Buck�s repair

Three different interlocking intramedullary nails for unstable reverse oblique inter-trochanteric fractures: a bio-mechanical comparative study

Background: Biomechanical testing, intramedullary devices have proven advantageous over the extramedullary devices in the management of unstable intertrochanteric fractures. Reverse oblique type of intertrochanteric fractures are highly unstable and intramedullary nails are currently the method of internal fixation. The currently available nails seems to provide rotational, axial and angular stability, but biomechanical analysis of the strain pattern in the bone and implant in this fractures are lacking. The aim of this experimental study was to analyse the strain in three different long femoral nail-bone units under physiological loading when implanted in Saw bone model after creating a reverse oblique intertrochanteric fracture.Methods: A total of 12 sawbones were divided in to 4 equal groups. Group 1 was intact saw bones and were used as controls. Group 2, Group 3 and Group 4 were implanted with Depuy, Stryker and Synthes nails respectively after creating a reverse oblique intertrochanteric fracture. All the four groups were axially loaded with 100 N increments until physiological loads. The strain patterns were measured at the posteromedial cortex and the peak strains were extracted at partial weight bearing i.e. 500 N and full weight bearing physiological loads i.e. 1000 N.Results: There was no significant difference in peak strains among the groups at partial loads. However at 1000 N loads the peak strain in the DePuy nail-bone unit was significantly high compared to the other two nail-bone units and the controls. Conclusions: These results question the safety of immediate full weight bearing following surgery when treating the reverse oblique unstable fractures with DePuy intramedullary nails. A period of partial weight bearing following fixation of reverse oblique fractures would be wise when using DePuy nails

Interbody Fusion in Low Grade Lumbar Spondylolsithesis: Clinical Outcome Does Not Correalte with Slip Reduction and Neural Foraminal Dimension

Study DesignProspective nonrandomized study.PurposeTo find a possible correlation between clinical outcome and extent of lumbar spondylolisthesis reduction.Overview of LiteratureThere is no consensus in the literature concerning whether a beneficial effect of reduction on outcome can be expected following reduction and surgical fusion for low grade lumbar spondylolisthesis.MethodsForty six patients with a mean age of 37.5 years (age, 17–48 years) with isthmic spondylolisthesis underwent interbody fusion with cages with posterior instrumentation (TLIF). Clinical outcome was measured using visual analogue score (VAS) and Oswestry disability index (ODI). Foraminal dimensions and disc heights were measured in standard digital radiographs. These were analyzed at baseline and 1 year after surgery and changes were compared. Radiographic fusion was judged with computed tomography scans at 1 year.ResultsNinety percent of the patients had good or very good clinical results with fusion and instrumentation. Baseline and one-year postoperative mean VAS score was 6.33 (range, 5–8) and 0.76 (range, 0–3), respectively (p=0.004). Baseline and one-year postoperative, mean ODI score was 48 (range, 32–62) and 10 (range, 6–16), respectively (p<0.001). A mean spondylolisthesis slip of 32.1% was reduced to 6.7% at 1 year. Average anterior disc height, posterior disc height, vertical foraminal dimension), and foraminal) diameter improved from 9.8 to 11.7 mm (p=0.005), 4.5 to 5.8 mm (p=0.004), 11.3 to 12.6 mm (p=0.002), and 18.6 to 20.0 mm (p<0.001), respectively. The fusion rate was 75% with TLIF. There is no significant correlation between the improvements of ODI scores and the extent of slip reduction.ConclusionsNeural decompression and interbody fusion can significantly improve pain and disability but the clinical outcome does not correlate with radiological improvement in the neural foraminal dimension

महिषासुर: मिथक व परंपराएं

इक्कसवीं सदी के दूसरे दशक में भारत में महिषासुर आंदोलन द्विज संस्कृति के लिए चुनौती बनकर उभरा। इसके माध्यम से आदिवासियों, पिछड़ों और दलितों के एक बड़े हिस्से ने अपनी सांस्कृतिक दावेदारी पेश की। लेकिन यह आंदोलन क्या है, इसकी जड़ें समाज में कहां तक फैली हैं, बहुजनों की सांस्कृतिक परंपरा में इसका क्या स्थान है, मौजूदा लोक-जीवन में महिषासुर की उपस्थिति किन-किन रूपों में है, इसके पुरातात्विक साक्ष्य क्या हैं? गीतों-कविताओं व नाटकों में महिषासुर किस रूप में याद किए जा रहे हैं और अकादमिक-बौद्धिक वर्ग को इस आंदोलन ने किस रूप में प्रभावित किया है, उनकी प्रतिक्रियाएं क्या हैं? आदि प्रश्नों पर विमर्श हमें एक ऐसी बौद्धिक यात्रा की ओर ले जाने में सक्षम हैं, जिससे हममें अधिकांश अभी तक अपरिचित रहे हैं। क्या महिषासुर दक्षिण एशिया के अनार्यों के पूर्वज थे, जो बाद में एक मिथकीय चरित्र बन कर बहुजन संस्कृति के प्रतीक पुरुष बन गए? क्या यह बहुत बाद की परिघटना है, जब माकण्डेय पुराण, दुर्गासप्तशती जैसे ग्रंथ रच कर, एक कपोल-कल्पित देवी के हाथों महिषासुर की हत्या की कहानी गढ़ी गई? इस आंदोलन की सैद्धांतिकी क्या है? प्रमोद रंजन द्वारा संपादित किताब “महिषासुर: मिथक व परंपराएं” में लेखकों ने उपरोक्त प्रश्नों पर विचार किया है तथा विलुप्ति के कगार पर खड़े असुर समुदाय का विस्तृत नृवंशशास्त्रीय अध्ययन भी प्रस्तुत किया है। इस पुस्तक में समकालीन भारतीय साहित्य में महिषासुर पर लिखी गई कविताओं व गीतों का प्रतिनिधि संकलन भी है तथा महिषासुर की बहुजन कथा पर आधारित एक नाटक भी प्रकाशित है। समाज-विज्ञान व सांस्कृतिक विमर्श के अध्येताओं, सामाजिक-राजनीतिक कार्यकर्ताओं, साहित्य प्रेमियों के लिए यह एक आवश्यक पुस्तक है

Single-Stage Combined Anterior Corpectomy and Posterior Instrumented Fusion in Tuberculous Spondylitis With Varying Degrees of Neurological Deficit.

BACKGROUND: A combined anterior decompression and stabilization followed by posterior instrumented fusion promotes fusion of the affected segment of spine and prevents further progression of deformity. The objective of this study is to report on outcome of patients with tuberculous spondylitis, progressive neurologic deficit, and kyphotic deformity who underwent single-stage anterior corpectomy and fusion and posterior decompression with instrumented fusion. METHODS: A total of 49 patients (29 males, 20 females) with varying grades of neurological deficit due to tuberculosis of the spine (thoracic, thoracolumbar, and lumbar) were included in this prospective study. The diagnosis of tubercular infection was established after clinical, hematological, radiological, and histological specimens taken at surgery. All were treated with combined anterior and posterior decompression, debridement, and stabilization with direct autologous bone grafting or wrapped bone graft in mesh or expandable cages. Neurological status and visual analog scale (VAS) pain score were recorded at each visit. X-rays, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP), and liver function were evaluated at 3, 6, and 12 months after surgery and then once a year thereafter. Results were analyzed in terms of neurological recovery (Frankel grade), bony union time, and correction of kyphotic deformity. RESULTS: The mean age was 37.8 years (range, 2-65 years). Mean preoperative VAS scores improved from 5.6 to 1.5. The average ESR and CRP returned to normal within 6 months in all patients. The mean time to fusion was 8.4 months for the whole group. The neurological deficit in 42 of 49 patients had excellent or good clinical outcome ( CONCLUSIONS: Combined single-stage anterior decompression and stabilization followed by posterior instrumented fusion is safe and effective in the treatment of tuberculous spondylitis with neurological deficit in the thoracic and lumbar spine. This procedure helps to correct and maintain the deformity, abscess clearance, spinal-cord decompression, and pain relief as well as return to normal motor function. Bony fusion prevents further progression of deformity. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 2

Interbody Fusion in Low Grade Lumbar Spondylolsithesis: Clinical Outcome Does Not Correalte with Slip Reduction and Neural Foraminal Dimension.

STUDY DESIGN: Prospective nonrandomized study. PURPOSE: To find a possible correlation between clinical outcome and extent of lumbar spondylolisthesis reduction. OVERVIEW OF LITERATURE: There is no consensus in the literature concerning whether a beneficial effect of reduction on outcome can be expected following reduction and surgical fusion for low grade lumbar spondylolisthesis. METHODS: Forty six patients with a mean age of 37.5 years (age, 17-48 years) with isthmic spondylolisthesis underwent interbody fusion with cages with posterior instrumentation (TLIF). Clinical outcome was measured using visual analogue score (VAS) and Oswestry disability index (ODI). Foraminal dimensions and disc heights were measured in standard digital radiographs. These were analyzed at baseline and 1 year after surgery and changes were compared. Radiographic fusion was judged with computed tomography scans at 1 year. RESULTS: Ninety percent of the patients had good or very good clinical results with fusion and instrumentation. Baseline and one-year postoperative mean VAS score was 6.33 (range, 5-8) and 0.76 (range, 0-3), respectively (p=0.004). Baseline and one-year postoperative, mean ODI score was 48 (range, 32-62) and 10 (range, 6-16), respectively (p CONCLUSIONS: Neural decompression and interbody fusion can significantly improve pain and disability but the clinical outcome does not correlate with radiological improvement in the neural foraminal dimension

Predictive Factors for the Outcome of Surgical Treatment of Lumbar Spondylolysis in Young Sporting Individuals.

STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective consecutive case series. OBJECTIVES: Only few sporting individuals with symptomatic lumbar pars injuries require surgical repair and it is often difficult to predict the outcome following surgery. The factors that predict the outcome after direct repair of lumbar pars defect was evaluated clinically and statistically. The preoperative background variables both subjective and objective as well as radiological evaluation were used in a multiple regression model to find the strong predictors of postoperative outcome as measured by VAS (visual analogue scores), ODI (Oswestry Disability Index) and SF-36 (Short Form). METHODS: Fifty-two consecutive young sporting individuals with a mean age of 19 years (range 8-30 years) were treated surgically for lumbar pars defect confirmed on imaging studies (ie, single-photon emission computed tomography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging). Fifty patients completed the VAS, ODI, and SF-36 questionnaires as a part of their assessment. Preoperative background variables were used in a multiple regression model to find the strongest predictor of postoperative outcome as measured by ODI. Ethical approval was taken by the institutional review board. RESULTS: Buck\u27s screw repair of the pars defect was carried out in 44 patients (33 males, 11 female): unilateral in 8 patients (7 males, 1 female) and bilateral in 36 patients (26 males, 10 females). Although age at surgery showed linear colinearity (ρ = 0.32, CONCLUSIONS: The outcome after direct repair of pars defect in those younger than 25 years runs a predictable course. Professionalism in sports has a high impact on the outcome. Preoperative ODI and SF-36 PCS scores are significant predictors of good functional outcome. The regression equation can predict the outcome in 80.9% sporting individuals undergoing Buck\u27s repair