The 5C Framework and Maturity Assessment: a New Approach to Technology Transfer in Biopharmaceutical Contract Manufacturing

A new framework has been developed to provide guidance for cultivating a pragmatic and proactive culture of technology transfer within the biopharmaceutical contract manufacturing (CM) sector. A review of industry practise was performed, and survey and interview feedback from contract manufacturers and their customers was obtained. The research summarised in this paper describes current experiences of technology transfer in biopharmaceutical contract manufacturing of those working in the industry and investigates the factors currently being experienced that lead to transfer challenges, project delays and difficulties faced by the contract manufacturing organisation (CMO) and customer. The framework and associated maturity assessment model provide an opportunity for both CMO and customer to adopt a culture that encourages shared ownership, managed expectations and more efficient transfer processes that address the demands of current biopharmaceutical contract manufacturin

Cartilage Tissue Engineering For Rhinoplasty

Nasal surgery (rhinoplasty) has evolved considerably since its origins in Egypt around 1600BCE, yet modern reconstruction still relies on grafts harvested from autologous rib cartilage. Rib cartilage is an excellent graft material, but chest donor site morbidity can be a significant problem. The aim of this thesis was to create a patient specific cartilage surgical product using autologous stem cells that would provide surgeons with an effective alternative to rib cartilage. Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) and cartilage-derived stem/precursor cells (CSPCs) were used in this thesis as they can be harvested through minimally invasive procedures and their chondrogenic potential already widely established. Using a novel tissue clearing protocol for whole mount imaging, primary experiments confirmed the ability of both cell types to self-organize and generate cartilage-like extracellular matrix (ECM) in 3D spheroids. Three different methods of engineering cartilage in 3D were investigated. Firstly, a clinically approved collagen matrix was used as a scaffold and seeded with cells. Immunocytochemistry and histological staining demonstrated cartilage like ECM on the scaffold surface in preference to deeper regions. The collagen matrix proved too be tight and constrictive on cell expansion. Secondly, a 3D bioprinter was used to print cells mixed with cellulose/alginate “bioink” hydrogels. This bioink failed to demonstrate cartilage like ECM in static culture and in a chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) model. Lastly, a cell laden fibrin hydrogel was “sandwiched” between 2 layers of polycaprolactone (PCL) sheets to provide mechanical support and grafted onto CAM. Histological analysis of cell laden fibrin confirmed regions of chondrogenesis by positive staining of collagen and glycosaminoglycans. In conclusion, the results provide further understanding of how these cells respond to different 3D environments and the effect on chondrogenesis. Combining 3D bioprinting with a sandwich design may be an effective future approach to product development

ALTRUISME PENGOBAT ALTERNATIF

Altruism is a basic human trait needed in life. Specifically, it is important to study altruism in the context of professions that intersect with service This study uncovered the altruist side of some alternative medicine profession, using phenomenological approaches. This trait is appeared when they interact with clients and live in the community. The nature of altruist is more about self-awareness of carrying out god's commands. The research subjects consisted of 3 alternative medicine healers, with different skills, namely cupping, prana, and reflexology. They have been practicing alternative medicine for an average of more than 10 years. Alternative medicines have a philosophy of life that helping others and doing good should be part of everyday life. Data collection in this study used in-depth interviews and observation. The results of the study showed that altruist behavior ican be concluded as self-transcendence. Particularly, altruist behavior characteristics of alternative medicine healers are happiness, sacrifice, and devout worship.Keywords: alternative medicine, altruism, self-transcendenceAltruisme adalah sifat dasar manusia yang dibutuhkan dalam kehidupan. Secara spesifik, penting untuk mempelajari altruisme dalam konteks profesi-profesi yang berhubungan dengan pelayanan. Penelitian ini mengungkap sisi altruisme pada beberapa pengobat alternatif dengan menggunakan pendekatan fenomenologi. Sifat altruisme ini tampak saat mereka berinteraksi dengan klien dan hidup di tengah masyarakat. Altruisme adalah perilaku seseorang ketika menolong orang lain secara suka rela tanpa mengharapkan imbalan. Sifat Altruisme lebih kepada kesadaran diri melaksanakan perintah Tuhan. Subjek penelitian terdiri dari 3 orang ahli dalam pengobatan alternatif dengan berbagai keahlian berbeda, yaitu bekam, prana, dan pijat refleksi. Mereka telah membuka praktik pengobatan alternatif rata-rata lebih dari 10 tahun. Para pengobat alternatif mempunyai falsafah hidup bahwa menolong orang lain dan berbuat baik seharusnya menjadi bagian dari kehidupan sehari-hari. Pengambilan data menggunakan wawancara mendalam dan obervasi. Hasil penelitian menjelaskan perilaku altruisme bersifat self transendence. Karakteristik perilaku altruimes para pengobat alternatif adalah kebahagiaan, pengorbanan dan ketaatan beribadah.Kata kunci: Ahli Pengobatan Alternatif, altruisme, self transendence.

An Investigation of the Multifunctional Alkylation Chemistry of [Pt₂(μ-S)₂(PPh₃)₄]

This thesis presents the studies on the multifunctional alkylation of the metalloligand [Pt₂ (μ-S)₂(PPh₃)₄] 1.1. Multifunctional organic groups which include semicarbazone and thiosemicarbazone, urea, isocyanate, guanidine, ketones and amides react with 1.1 to generate the corresponding functionalised derivatives containing thiolate ligands produced by alkylation of one or both sulfide centres. Polymers with suitable electrophilic branches also react to immobilise 1.1. By using Electrospray Ionisation Mass Spectrometry (ESI-MS) as the monitoring technique, [Pt₂ (μ-S)₂(PPh₃)₄] was employed as a productive template for structurally and chemically diverse thiolate-platinum complexes. Before this study, 1.1 was known to be one of the best building blocks for multimetallic molecules through the exceptional ligating ability of the two sulfide centres to virtually any transition and main group metal fragment. However, extension of the synthetic versatility of 1.1 to multifunctional non-metallic positive centres has only been explored to a lesser extent and thus far less developed. This thesis is organised into five chapters. Chapter one is the review of literature on [Pt₂ (μ-S)₂(PPh₃)₄] and the development of its chemistry from an efficacious metalloligand for multimetallic assembly to a powerful nucleophile for organic electrophiles. The main geometry and electronic features of 1.1 and analogous complexes were highlighted especially as it affects the dihedral angle (θ) between the two Pt₂S₂ planes in [Pt₂ (μ-S)₂(PPh₃)₄]. The variable reaction modes of 1.1 with different electrophiles were discussed especially as it may affect the less studied multifunctional alkylation. The effectiveness of the ESI-MS as a monitoring tool in the study of 1.1 chemistry is also discussed. Chapter two details the study of the multifunctional monoalkylation reactions of the aforementioned array of multifunctional organic groups with [Pt₂ (μ-S)₂(PPh₃)₄]. Alkylation reaction of 1.1 with organo-halide of the type R–CH₂-X and R–CH₂CH₂-X (R= organic group and X = Cl or Br) formed thiolate-bridged platinum complexes. The main discovery in this study is that any suitable organic functionality can be incorporated into an electrophile for 1.1. By using the ESI-MS monitoring technique, they successfully reacted with 1.1 to give novel monoalkylated platinum complexes with μ-thiolate ligands of the type [Pt₂(μ-S){μ-SR}(PPh₃)₄](PF₆) which included [Pt₂(μ-S){μ-SCH₂C(=NNHC(O)NH₂)R} (PPh₃)₄](PF₆) in 2.1b•PF₆ (R = Ph) and 2.2b•PF₆ (R = CH₃) and [Pt₂(μ-S){μ-SR}(PPh₃)₄](PF₆) (R = -CH₂C(=NOH)Ph 2.3b•PF₆, -CH₂C(=NNHC(NH₂)NH₂) Ph 2.4b•(PF₆)₂, -CH₂C(=NNHC(S)NH₂)CH₂ 2.5b•PF₆, -CH₂CH₂NHC(O)NHPy 2.6b•PF₆ (Py = o-C₅H₄N), -CH₂CH₂NHC(O)N(CH₂CH₂)₂S 2.7b•PF₆ and -CH₂ C(O)NHC(O)NHCH₂CH₃ 2.8b•PF₆. -CH₂C(═NNHTs)Ph 2.9b•PF₆, -CH₂C(═N NHTs)CH₃ 2.10b•PF₆ (Ts = -SO₂C₆H₄CH₃), -CH₂C(=NHNC(O) Py)Ph (Py = o-C₅H₄N) 2.11b•PF₆ and -CH₂C(=NNHC(O)NH₂)C₆H₄C₆H₅ 2.12b•PF₆. Geome- trical isomers formed with BrCH₂C(NNHAr)C₆H₄Ph 2.13a (Ar = 2,4-dinitrophenyl) was studied and characterised with 2D NMR techniques. The X-ray crystal structures of 2.1b•PF₆, 2.4b•(PF₆)₂, 2.7b•PF₆ and 2.8b•PF₆ are also reported. Chapter three reports an investigation of conditions that encourage the formation of homo- and heterodialkylated thiolate complexes of the type [Pt₂(μ-SR)₂(PPh₃)4]² + and [Pt₂(μ-SR){μ-SR'}(PPh₃)₄]²+ since these are currently not well understood. The factors were employed in the selective choice of alkylating agents used in the sequential syntheses of homodialkylated derivatives [Pt₂(μ-SCH₂COPh)₂(PPh₃)₄](PF₆)2 3.1b•(PF₆)₂, [Pt₂(μ-SCH₂C(O)pyr)₂(PPh₃)₄](PF₆)₂ (pyr = pyrene) 3.2b•(PF₆)₂ and [Pt₂(μ-SCH₂C(O)cyl)₂(PPh₃)₄](PF₆)₂ (cyl = coumaryl) (3.4b•(PF₆)₂. A major outcome of this study is the successful syntheses of the heterodialkylated derivatives [Pt₂(μ-SCH₂C(O)Ph)(μ-SBu)(PPh₃)₄](PF₆)₂ 3.5b•(PF₆)₂ and {Pt₂(μ-SCH₂COPh)(μ-SCH₂CH₃)(PPh₃)₄}(PF₆)₂ 3.6b•(PF₆)₂ through a sequential alkylation with organo-halide electrophiles. The X-ray crystal structures of 3.1b•(PF₆)₂ and 3.5b•(BPh₄)₂ are reported. The secondary products resulting from the displacement of a PPh₃ by Br- in the synthesis of the heterodialkylated derivatives 3.5b•(PF₆)₂ and 3.6b•(PF₆)₂, [Pt₂(μ-SCH₂C(O)Ph) (μ-SBu)(PPh₃)₃Br](PF₆) 3.5c•PF₆ and [Pt₂(μ-SCH₂COPh)(μ-SCH₂CH₃)(PPh₃)₃ Br](PF₆) 3.6c•PF₆ were also isolated and characterised by ESI-MS and X-ray crystallography. Chapter four describes the multifunctional intra- and intermolecular bridging dialkylation of 1.1. The variable alkylation mode of α,ω-dialkylating electrophiles, which is dependent on the nature and the number of spacer atoms, was investigated with functionalised electrophiles, ClCH₂C(O)CH₂Cl 4.1a, ClCH₂C(NNHC(O)NH₂) CH₂Cl 4.2a and ClCH₂C(O)NHNHC(O)CH₂Cl 4.3a. A very important novel result is the stabilisation and isolation of an intramolecular bridged five-membered ring derivative 4.1b•PF₆ [Pt₂{μ-SCH₂C(O)CHS}(PPh₃)₄] (PF₆). The reaction of 4.1a with 1.1 in the presence of dilute aqueous NaOH aided the isolation of 4.1b•PF₆ resulting from intramolecular rearrangement of the four membered ring. The semicarbazone derivative 4.2a and diamide 4.3a dialkylated 1.1 by bridging the two sulfide centres to form stable [Pt₂{μ-SCH₂C(NNHC (O)NH₂)CH₂S-μ}(PPh₃)₄](BPh₄)₂ 4.2b•(BPh₄)₂ and Pt₂{μ-SCH₂C(O)NHNH(O) CH₂S}(PPh₃)₄(PF₆)₂ 4.3b•(PF₆)₂. Both 4.1b•PF₆ and 4.2b•(BPh₄)₂ were characterised by X-ray crystallography. The syntheses and X-ray crystal structure analysis of Pt₄ aggregates formed with amide α,ω-dialkylating agents with longer spacer atoms, o- and p-ClCH₂C(O)NHC₆H₄NHC(O)CH₂Cl through the intermolecular linking of two [Pt₂(μ-S)₂(PPh₃)₄] complexes is also reported. Chapter five is the investigation of the immobilisation of [Pt₂(μ-S)₂ (PPh₃)₄] on electrophilic polymer supports. Following the reactivity of [Pt₂(μ-S)₂(PPh₃)₃] with electrophiles established in chapter two a monomeric electrophilic unit 3-chloropropyltetraethoxysilane 5.1a reacted 1.1 to give 5.1b.BPh₄. Further investigations to immobilised 1.1 on solid polymer supports through the alkylation of one of the sulfide centres with electrophilic polymers, Merrifield’s resin 5.2a, 3-bromopropylpolysiloxane 5.3a 3-chloropropyl silica 5.4a and 3-chloropropyl controlled pore glass 5.5a were done. This gave the corresponding immobilised products which is generally represented as [Pt₂(μ-S)(μ-SCH₂R--P )(PPh₃)₄] (where R = phenyl or -CH₂CH₂- groups). The immobilisation of 1.1 was also achieved through phosphine exchange reactions on polymers, a polyethertriamine phosphine derivative 5.6a and diphenylphosphine polystyrene 5.8a. The products were characterised by Scanning Electron Microscopy, solid state ³¹P{H} (CP MAS) NMR, Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)

Effect of Jet Reynold’s Number on Nusselt Number for Convective Impingement Air Cooling on a Hot Plate

Studies were carried out to determine the Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient, h, under multiple jets of impinging cold air on a target heated flat plate. Tests were run with air- distribution plates with hole diameters, d, of 1.5mm, 2.0mm, 2.5mm and 3.0mm. The target plate is a carbon-steel flat plate of 6mm thickness, instrumented with a total of three Chromel-Alumel K-type thermocouples. The plate is electrically heated using a variable supply current input. Test were run at various cooling air flow rate G, between 1.0kg/m3, sec to 3.0kg/m3, sec. Distribution plate-to-target plate distance Z(mm), was varied between 100mm to 200mm. Heat input to the target plate Q Watt, was varied to give a heat flux rate between 10 to 100 watts. Results obtained were reduced and analyzed by evaluating for the dependence of h on the impingement jet diameter,Jet Reynolds Number, and the coolant mass flow rate G. Correlations were done, using the dimensionless parameters of Nusselt Number, Reynolds Number and Prandtl Number. Based on the results obtained, it is proposed that within the Reynolds Number range of 1500 to 2000, correlation may be made with:-   = 0.15Re0.58Pr0.33 Keywords: Reynold’s Number, Nusselt Number, Prandtl Number, Impingement, Cooling, Heat transfer Coefficien

The reactivity of [Pt₂(μ-S)₂(PPh₃)₄] towards difunctional chloroacetamide alkylating agents: Formation of cyclized or bridged products

The reactions of [Pt₂(μ-S)₂(PPh₃)₄] towards some bis(chloroacetamide) alkylating agents have been investigated. Reaction with one mole equivalent of the hydrazine-derived compound ClCH₂C(O)NHNHC(O)CH₂Cl led to the cyclized product [Pt₂{SCH₂C(O)NHNHC(O)CH₂S}(PPh₃)₄]²⁺ which showed two different PPh₃ environments in the ³¹P{1H} NMR spectrum, as a result of non-fluxional behavior of the dithiolate ligand in solution. Reactions of [Pt₂(μ-S)₂(PPh₃)₄] with the ortho and para isomers of the phenylenediamine-derived bis(chloroacetamides) ClCH2C(O)NHC6H4NHC(O)CH2Cl gave tetrametallic complexes containing two {Pt₂S₂} moieties spanned by the CH₂C(O)NHC₆H₄NHC(O)CH₂ group. Both the ortho and para isomers were crystallographically characterized; in the ortho isomer there is intramolecular CO=H–N and S•••H–N hydrogen bonding involving the two amide groups

Thermal Analysis of a Small-Scale Municipal Solid Waste-Fired Steam Generator: Case Study of Enugu State, Nigeria

Thermal analysis of a small-scale municipal solid waste-fired steam generator has been presented in this work. The analysis was based on the selected design parameters: operating steam pressure of 10 bar, with fuel consumption rate of 500 Kg/h and combustion chamber which utilizes mass burn incineration using water wall furnace. The plant is designed as a possible option for thermal utilization of rural and urban wastes in Nigeria. The average daily generation of MSW was considered in order to assess the availability of the material. The data were collected from Enugu State Waste Management Authority (ENSWAMA).This was calculated based on the state population, urbanization and industrialization strengths. Calculation of calorific value of the waste to determine the heat contents was carried out using two methods: Bomb calorimeter and Dulong’s formula. Some samples of the garbage were analyzed with bomb calorimeter in the National Centre For Energy Research & Development Laboratory, University of Nigeria Nsukka. This is important because it a direct measure of the temperature requirements that the specific waste will place on the system. The calorific values obtained from this analysis were 12572.308 KJ/kg, 14012.05 KJ/kg, 21833.26 KJ/kg and 20551.01 KJ/kg for paper products, woods, plastics and textiles waste respectively, while the energy content obtained from the elemental composition of waste using Dulong’s formula was 15,101 KJ/kg .The maximum temperature of the furnace attained from the energy balance based on this value around the combustion chamber was 833.7 K and the amount of air required per kg of MSW was 8.66kg   Keywords: Solid-Waste, Steam, Temperature, Pressure, Moisture Content, Calorific Valu

Ecology, culture and cognition: a text book on the principles of environmental design

[This] study aims to explore the notion that human achievements, i.e., cultural, technological, architectural, etc., are an outcome of the interaction between ecology, culture and cognitive structure. Such interaction is thought to set out a condition of stability, compatibility and fitness which characterises various vernacular cultures. These notions ought to be investigated and hence utilised in design ideas and design processes. To illustrate the various aspects of this interaction, the thesis has adopted a holistic view which incorporates many elements that underly the environmental phenomena; its structure, its laws of evolution and its adaptive processes. The following is a brief summary of each chapter of the thesis.Chapter One: In any design research it is more important to arrive at appropriate identification of a problem before being preoccupied with 'assumptions' to solve that problem on the basis of its 'external' appearance. Each environment has a specific structure which accommodates in a certain pattern its various components such as the social boundaries of interaction, the particular physical structure, building patterns, behaviour, mode of thought, economic system and so on. It is only by tracing the history of development of each of these components within this structure that a solution can be fitting and relevant.The chapter reviews some problems and controversies raised by adopting a misfit technology and its implication on various cultures as well as on Architecture.Chapter Two: This chapter suggests a general theoretical framework which rejects the harmful and unifying effects of those 'fragmented' approaches within design disciplines. In fact they came as an outcome of the passion for misfit technologies, the non - environmental views of culture and ideologies normally associated with them. It is hence the interplay of the three elements of Ecology, Culture and Cognition that result in architectural quality most fit to its context. The objectives of such a framework are: the protection of the natural ecosystems and their manifestations in design; the establishment of a self - sustaining way of life; and finally, setting policies that give priority to bettering the ecological qualities as a basis for improving other aspects.Chapter Three: In this chapter a broadening perspective is introduced to define ecology according to its concerns for the conditions and interactions that determine the distribution and abundance of organism in a certain setting. The perspective includes culture as well as the other biological and physical factors on the basis of considering culture as a manifestation of man's adaptation to that setting. It is very important to consider the role of ecology in differentiating various societies; their cultures and architectural forms.Chapter Four: The second element, culture, according to the school of cultural- ecology, is made up of the modes of thought, the ideologies, energy systems, artifacts, the organisation of social relations, norms and beliefs and the total range of customary behaviour, all of which have been influenced by the physical setting. The concept of 'cultural core', introduced by J. Steward, is adopted for its importance in distinguishing cultural features in terms of their physical belonging. It helps, hence, to advocate solutions more fitting to their 'authentic context' in the face of the bustling, overlapping and usually more abstract cultural features of the external phase (secondary features).Chapter Five: Knowledge is the central element in design, and cognition has been defined as the activity of knowing: the acquisition, organisation, and use of knowledge. The human cognitive structure selects and interprets environmental information in the construction of its own knowledge, rather than passively copying the information. The mind does this to make the environment 'then' fit in with its own existing mental framework.Chapter Six: Because man and nature form two elements in one system, man has accumulated a profound knowledge of the various elements in nature including natural materials. This knowledge is x embeded so deeply in his psychological structure that his innate disposition towards natural elements has been extended to include all interactional modes, subsystems and visual structures which they initiate.The concept of schemata was introduced within cognitive psychology to explain some controversial issues in the field of accepting, restoring and processing information. Schema is defined generally as a data structure for representing the generic concepts stored in memory. There are schemata representing our knowledge about events, actions, objects, etc. They also contain the network of interrelations between these concepts. It has been suggested that the source of this knowledge which schema represents comes from one of two resources; 1) immediate information of the physical objects, 2) the innate and stored knowledge in the human mind. Both resources, however, can provide information to what the study calls experiential schemata.The important contribution the study offers is the concept of the cosmocognitive schemata. They are the schemata that represent the point where both organism and the universe meet and represent, man's extension in space and time. With these schemata we can explain many phenomena in which people of totally different cultures, different experiential schemata, respond and react similarly. In other words, the various authentic capacities of objects, their various properties and potential dispositions towards interactions are all taking precedence in the organism's neural system.The concluding notion of this important chapter is that man has been vividly and maybe unself- consciously utilising the 'cosmocognitive' knowledge in the adaptational processes, blended with activities of the experiential knowledge, in the elaboration of the various architectural forms and patterns. Therefore, it is suggested that it is extremely important to establish a theory of environmental quality based on cognitive knowledge.Chapter Seven and Chapter Eight: In these two chapters, the study introduces the most influential factors which define the ecological setting in general. These factors are considered as being the permanent constructs of human cognitive knowledge and hence have to be well studied before making any decision concerning the nature of the design solution proposed to any society.Chapter Nine: It is suggested that the influence of ecology and nature on human beings takes place and is utilised over long processes of adaptation. The mechanism and other elements of these processes are explicitly demonstrated through a model that the study elaborates. The main idea this model presents is that man, during the emergence of his settlement, initially responds to nature and the physical properties of that setting. He first develops prototypical patterns to embody their impact, according to which he then develops his social and behavioural patterns. Out of the interaction of these components and their various elements, and by reference to his experiential and innate knowledge, he then establishes his traditional culture of which architectural phenomena is the most conspicuous feature.Chapter Ten: Beyond the aesthetic values of architecture: decorative form and ornaments, and beyond the persistance of architectural pattern and activity types lie empirical, structural, functional and practical principles. The basic aim of arriving at a concrete understanding of what underlies the aesthetic characteristics is that once such an understanding becomes possible, designers would be able to manipulate their design ideas following the same principles of authenticity and purposefulness rather than attempting further implication or inventing more fantasies.The title implies that material's authentic properties, architectural and structural elements and activities have cognitive values which are represented in certain characteristics. And it is these values that a designer whould, in fact, search for, if satisfying people's real preferences is one of his interests.Chapter Eleven: The outcome of the interaction between ecological /cultural variables and cognitive structure consists of several components. These have to be carefully matched in setting design criteria within any context: They can be referred to in any judgement over the fitness and appropriateness of any design idea in hand

Experimental Analysis of Geneva Mechanism for Bottle Washing

This study evaluates the performance of Geneva Mechanism as applied to bottle washing in a typical Beverage or Brewery Industry. A test rig was designed, fabricated and employed for the performance evaluation. The rig operates on the intermittent rotary motion from a four slot external Geneva Mechanism and requires manual loading and unloading of bottles. The bottles are loaded on subsequent indexing part of the rotating table and are washed one after another. Experiments were carried out on the rig by varying speeds and monitoring the cycle time, washing time and indexing time. The speed ranged from 6rpm to 20rpm. The cycle time obtained for selected speeds was between 10.639 seconds and 38.060 seconds, the washing time was between 2.434 seconds and 7.844 seconds and the indexing time was between 0.078 seconds and 1.772 seconds. The maximum pin-slot contact force for selected speeds was between 16N and 29N. The graphs plotted for time taken and number of bottles washed at selected speeds were all linear functions while the graphs plotted by varying other parameters such as speed, maximum pin-slot contact force, cycle time, washing time and indexing were represented by third order polynomial functions of differing coefficients and constants. The times taken to wash eight bottles for all the speeds were 28.922, 35.914, 49.62, 78.414 and 105.372 seconds. The analysis of the results collected from the experimentation gave washing efficiency for the system in the range of 81.57% and 96.89% with the highest value obtained at 19rpm. This work presents a practical application of Geneva mechanism for worktable indexing and bottle washing. Keywords: Geneva Mechanism, Cycle Time, Bottle Washing, Productivity, Indexing Time, Speed, Rotating Table

WORK-FAMILY CONFLICT TOWARD MARITAL SATISFACTION WITH SELF-EFFICACY AS A MODERATOR VARIABLE

Purpose of the study: The aim of the study to determine the effect of work-family conflict on marital satisfaction and try to see whether self-efficacy can be a moderator variable in the relation among work-family conflict and marital satisfaction in PKK mothers who work in District X. Methodology: The subjects of this study were 200 PKK mothers working in District X. Data collection used three scales, namely the scale of work-family conflict, the scale of marital satisfaction, and self-efficacy scale. Main Findings: The first hypothesis obtained with a t-value of -0.33, and then there is a negative relationship between work-family conflict with marital satisfaction. Then for the second hypothesis, self-efficacy has a positive role in marital satisfaction. And the third hypothesis is obtained by the statistical value of 2.71, which means that self-efficacy can be moderated variable in the relationship between work-family conflict and marital satisfaction. Applications of this study: This study can be used as an appropriate foundation, especially as consideration for married couples to maintain and increase marital satisfaction. Novelty/Originality of this study: This research focuses on the role of self-efficacy as a moderator variable that functions to strengthen marital satisfaction and reduce work-family conflict in the family. The causality relationship built in this research is an important value that must be a major concern for potential couples who will get married to busy conditions in their work