Impact of seeding date and crop density on the ontogenesis, yield and quality of spelt grain (Triticum spelta L.)

Heksaploidna pšenica krupnik (Triticum spelta L.) zauzima značajno mesto u grupi alternativnih žita, jer zbog svojih bioloških osobina, kao i hemijskog sastava zrna postaje sve interesantnija za gajenje. Potrošnja proizvoda od zrna u ishrani ljudi konstantno se povećava. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je da se ustanovi uticaj vremena setve, gustine useva i stepena dorade upotrebljenog semena (plevičasto, oljušteno) na dinamiku odvijanja fenofaza, na morfološke osobine i prinos krupnika sorte Nirvana. Trogodišnja istraživanja (2010–2012) izvedena su na oglednom polju Instituta “Tamiš” (N 44° 56`, E 20° 43`), na tipu zemljišta, karbonatni černozem u ogledu postavljenom po metodu podeljenih parcela (split-plot) u četiri ponavljanja. Vreme setve značajno je uticalo na dinamiku nastupanja i trajanja fenofaza, dok gustina useva nije ispoljila uticaj na ontogenezu ozimog krupnika. Prosečna dužina vegetacionog perioda u toku istraživanja bila je najveća setvom 5. oktobra (278 dana). Setvom 25. oktobra taj period trajao je 261, a setvom 15. novembra 240 dana. Periodi od setve do nicanja i od nicanja do bokorenja trajali su duže u kasnijim rokovima setve, dok su faze bokorenja, vlatanja, klasanja do pune zrelosti trajale značajno kraće. Najveći uticaj na broj izniklih biljaka, broj stabala, mortalitet izdanaka, broj klasova, stepen poleganja i žetveni indeks imala je gustina useva, dok je vreme setve najviše uticalo na visinu biljke i prinos nadzemne biomase. Na broj zrna po klasu i masu zrna po klasu, vreme setve i gustina useva podjednako su uticali. Prosečne vrednosti indeksa pleva varirale su po rokovima setve, od 30,11%, do 31,39% i po gustinama useva, od 30,26%, do 31,16%. Na osnovu trogodišnjih istraživanja može se istaći da u uslovima povoljnijeg vodnog i toplotnog režima biljke, u celini imaju manji indeks pleva nego u sušnoj godini. Uticaj vremena setve na prinos oljuštenog zrna bio je veoma izražen. Setvom u prvom roku, ostvaren je najveći prinos oljuštenog zrna (3,46 t ha-1). Sa kašnjenjem setve ova vrednost opada, za 4% do 19,7%. Ovaj trend važio je za sve gustine useva i oba nivoa dorade semena. U usevu srednje gustine dobijen je najveći prosečan prinos oljuštenog zrna (3,44 t ha-1), što je posledica najmanjeg stepena mortaliteta izdanaka, kao i optimalnog odnosа broja klasova i broja i mase zrna po klasu...Hexaploid spelt wheat (Triticum spelta L.) occupies an important place in the group of alternative grains, because its biological properties and chemical composition of the seed makes it more and more interesting for production. Consumption of grain products in the diet of people is constantly increasing. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of seeding date, crop density and the processing degree of the used seed (hulled, dehulled) on the phenophase dynamics, morphological characteristics and the yield of spelt variety Nirvana. A threeyear study (2010-2012) was carried out at the experimental field of the “Tamiš” Institute (N 44° 56`, E 20° 43`), on the soil type calcareous chernozem, in an experiment designed by the method of split plots in four replications. Seeding date had a significant impact on the dynamics of the occurrence and duration of phenophases, while the crop density did not express any influence on ontogenesis of winter spelt. The average length of the vegetation period during the research was the highest after seeding on 5th of October (278 days). Seeding on 25th of October that period lasted 261 days, and on 15th of November 240 days. The period from seeding to emergence and from emergence to tillering lasted longer in later seedings, while the phases of tillering, stam elongation and heading to full maturity lasted considerably shorter. Crop density showed the highest impact on the number of emerged plants, number of trees, the tiller mortality, number of spikes, the degree of lodging of stems and harvest index, while the seeding date mostly influenced the plant height and the yield of above-ground biomass. Seeding date and crop density equally affected the number of grains and the grain weight per spike. Average values of husk index varied by seeding date, from 30.11% to 31.39%, and by the crop density from 30.26% to 31.16%. Based on three years of research, it could be pointed out that in the conditions of favorable water and thermal regime plants generally had lower husk index than in a dry year..

Indeks pleva - pokazatelj produktivnosti i kvaliteta plevičastih pšenica

Wheat with hulled grain is einkorn (Triticum monococcum L), emmer (Triticum dicoccum Schrank) and spelt wheat (Triticum spelta L). During the wheat harvest spikes decompose to spikelets in which the grain (caryopsis) is tightly wrapped in chaffs and glumes. Since this hulled grain is improper for human diet it is necessary to peel it off mechanically before the use. The seed, i.e. the grain of true cereals, has about a hundred of characteristics, of which 20% have significance for the market, while 10-15% is officially studied. Hulled grain or hulled seed is the term that exists in the market of world trade. Introduction of hulled wheat into production and its growing presence on the market imposes the need for a clearer presentation of the grain presence in the crowd of hulled grain. As a result of our previous studies on spelt wheat we defined the term - the hull index (HI), that presents the ratio between the weight of un hulled and hulled grain. H=YDG/YHG x 100 Calculation formula: HI - hull index YDG - yield of dehulled grain YHG - yield of hulled grain This term can be used in research as an indicator of hulled wheat productivity, while in the trade it could indicate the grain quality more clearly, whether it was a seed or mercantile goods.Pšenice plevičastog ploda su jednozrnac (Triticum monococcum L), dvozrnac (Triticum dicoccum Schrank) i krupnik (Triticum spelta L). Pri žetvi ovih pšenica klas se raspada na klasiće u kojima je zrno (caryopsis) čvrsto obavijeno plevama i plevicama. Ovakav plevičasti plod nepodesan je za korišćenje u ishrani ljudi, pa ga je pre upotrebe potrebno mašinski oljuštiti. Seme, odnosno zrno pravih žita, ima oko stotinu osobina, od njih 20% ima značaj za tržište, dok se 10-15% zvanično ispituje. Na tržištu u svetskom prometu kao kategorija za plevičaste pšenice, često figurira plevičato seme ili zrno. Uvođenje u proizvodnju kao i sve veća zastupljenost proizvoda od zrna ovih pšenica na tržištu, nameće potrebu za jasnijim prikazivanjem odnosa zrna u masi plevičastih plodova. Kao rezultat rada naših predhodnih istraživanja na krupniku, definisan je termin - indeks pleva (IP) koji predstavlja odnos između mase oljuštenog zrna i plevičastog zrna. Ovaj termin može poslužiti u istraživačkom radu kao pokazatelj produktivnosti za plevičaste pšenice, a u prometu zrna ovih pšenica može jasnije da ukaže na kvalitet, bilo da se radi o semenskoj ili merkantilnoj robi

Prinos etarskog ulja i biomase mirodije (Anethum graveolens L.) gajene u uslovima navodnjavanja

Dill (Anethum graveolens L.) is a one-year herbaceous, spicy plant, which has aromatic smell and taste. One of its important ingredients is essential oil. The experiment showing the effect of irrigation on essential oil and biomass yield of dill was conducted in rainy 2016 and dry 2017 in two variants: control (without irrigation) and variant with irrigation. Favourable water balance of the soil was provided by applying drop-by-drop irrigation method. The average yield of fresh biomass was 8,252 kg ha-1 (10,194 kg ha-1 under irrigation and 6,310 kg ha-1 in control). Under irrigation, the yield of biomass was higher than the control variant by 78.59% in 2017 and 47.41% in 2016. Under irrigation, essential oil content and yield were higher than the control by 10.73% and 95.97% in 2017, respectively, and 3.93% and 54.06% in 2016, respectively.Mirođija (Anethum graveolens L.) je jednogpdišnja zeljasta, začinska biljka, aromatičnog mirisa i ukusa čiji je najvažniji sastojak etarsko ulje. Eksperiment pokazuje efekat navodnjavanja na prinos etarskog ulja i biomase mirođije, a izveden je tokom vlažne 2016. i sušne 2017. godine u dve varijante: kontrola, bez navodnjavanja i varijanta sa navodnjavanjem. Povoljan vodni bilans zemljišta obezbeđen je primenom navodnjavanja metodom kap po kap. Prosečan prinos sveže biomase mirođije iznosio je 8.252 kg ha-1 (10.194 u navodnjavanju i 6.310 kg ha-1 na kontroli). U varijanti sa navodnjavanjem prinos biomase bio je veći u odnosu na kontrolnu varijantu za 78,59% u 2017. godini, dok je u 2016. godini ostvarena razlika od 47,41%. U varijanti sa navodnjavanjem, sadržaj i prinos etarskog ulja bio je veći u odnosu na kontrolnu varijantu za 10,73% i 95,97% u 2017. godini, dok je u 2016. godini ostvarena razlika od 3,93% i 54,06%

Analysis of spelt variability (Triticum spelta l.) Grown in different conditions of Serbia by organic conditions

The objective of this study was to examine the effect of the variety, locality and year on the morphological and productive parameters of the spelt wheat obtained in the organic production system. Four spelt varieties were grown at three agroecological environment (Panaevo, Bogdanica and Zlatar), in southeast Europe, Serbia. They are used in order to determine general adaptability in different environment in three years trial (2014-2016). Analysis of the selected production parameters of spelt wheat, according to variety, locality and year, were conducted by the Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The PCA of the presented data explained that the first two components accounted 86.02% of the total multivariance in the eleven variable factor space. The results showed that the highest values of a number of plants, number of stems, number of spikes, plant height,the number of grains in the spikes, weight of grains per spike, yield of above ground biomass, harvest index and yield of hulled grain were observed for the crops grown in Panaevo, regardless of the spelt wheat variety and year. The samples grown in Bogdanica showed to be very sensitive to the spelt wheat variety, in terms of hull index value. The highest value of mortality stems has been found in Zlatar, regardless of the spelt wheat variety, or the year

Parametri rodnosti sorti šećerne repe u uslovima suvog ratarenja

Trail with sugar beet was set up during three years. Yield parameters were analyzed on five different origins of sugar beet varieties. Variety had a statistically significant affect on the yield sugar beet. The average yield for all tested varieties was 54.25 t ha-1. The highest average yield was achieved by varieties Chiara, 72.58 t ha-1, and Otis, 64.55 t ha-1 the variety Severina the lowest, 36.76 t ha-1. The variety Severina had the highest average crystal sugar content, 16.65%. Crystalline sugar yield, as the most important indicator of sugar beet yield, statistically significantly depended on the variety. Quality, namely technological root value largely depends of variety. Coarseness of the root was in inverse proportion to the content of sugar.Ogledi sa šećernom repom izvođeni su tokom tri godine. Analizirani su parametri rodnosti pet sorti šećerne repe različitog porekla. Sorta je imala statistički značajan uticaj na prinosa korena šećerne repe. Prosečan prinos korena za sve testirane sorte iznosio je 54,25 t ha-1. Najviši prinos imale su sorte Chiara, 72,58 tha-1 i Otis, 64,55 t ha- 1, a sorta Severina najniži, 36,76 tha-1. Sorta Severina imala je najveći sadržaj kristalnog šećera, 16,65%. Prinos kristalnog šećera, kao najvažniji pokazatelj rodnosti šećerne repe, statistički je značajno zavisio od sorte. Tehnološka vrednost korena u velikoj meri zavisila je od sorte. Krupnoća korena bila je u obrnutoj proporciji sa sadržajem kristalnog šećera

Contact application of Lamiaceae botanicals reduces bean weevil infestation in stored beans

The bean weevil (Acanthoscelides obtectus, Say) is a serious pest of stored bean seeds. Bean weevil control relies heavily on the use of synthetic insecticides. In the search for a sustainable alternative, the residual contact toxicity and anti-oviposition activity of thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) and basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) essential oils as well as their dominant components (thymol, alpha-pinene, 1,8-cineole and linalool) were tested against A. obtectus adults. Out of the seven tested botanicals, T. vulgaris oil, thymol and linalool exhibited the highest toxic potential (>90% mortality). Females were less susceptible than males. The insecticidal activity of these botanicals was much greater when they were applied on glass compared to direct application to the bean. All tested botanicals reduced oviposition by bean weevil females. T. vulgaris oil, thymol and a-pinene also deterred bean weevil oviposition, as revealed by a two-choice test. Our research shows that T. vulgaris oil and thymol are promising and sustainable alternatives to synthetic pesticides for protecting stored beans against the bean weevil

Stability of the expression of the maize productivity parameters by AMMI models and GGE-biplot analysis

The objective of this study was to estimate genotype by locality, by year, by treatments (GxLxYxT) interaction using AMMI model, to identify maize genotypes with stable number of rows of grains performance in different growing seasons. The trials conducted with seven maize lines/genotypes, four treatments, two years and at the two locations. The results showed that the influence of genotype (G), year (Y), locality (L), and GxL, GxT, GxLxT, GxYxT, GxYxLxT interaction on maize number of rows of grains were significant (p lt 0.01). The genotype share in the total phenotypic variance for the grains number rows of was 53.50%, and the interaction was 21.15%. The results also show that the sums of the squares of the first and second major components (PC1 and PC2) constitute 100% of the sum of the squares of the interaction GxL. The first PC1 axis belongs to all 100%, which points to the significance of the genotype in the total variation and significance of the genotype for overall interaction with other observed sources of variability. The highest stability in terms of expression of the grains number of rows had the genotype L-6, followed by the genotypes L-4, L-5 and L-3. The lowest stability was demonstrated by the genotypes L-2 and L-1, which confirmed that these genotypes are not important for further selection in terms of this trait

Zaoravanje žetvenih ostataka preduseva u cilju povećanja prinosa soje

Soybean yield depends on the choice of cultivar, soil fertility, cultivation practices, and weather conditions in different years. Ploughing down crop residues increases the content of soil organic matter, and thereby positively affects soil fertility. The use of crop residues as an energy source has been promoted in recent years. It would be wrong to refer to this as a renewable energy source as the removal of crop residues from agricultural fields reduces and ultimately damages soil fertility, which in turn leads to reduced yield and a crop residue decrease in the future. Due to the reduced application of manure and organic fertilisers, it is necessary to return crop residues to the soil to preserve soil structure and prevent soil fertility decline. The effect of ploughing down crop residues of preceding crops on soybean yield has been the focus of studies for eleven years. Ploughing down maize crop residues resulted in the soybean yield increase by about 11.69%, i.e. the annual yield increase ranged from 2.89% to 15.94%.Prinos soje zavisi od izbora sorte, plodnosti zemljišta, agrotehničkih mera, kao i od vremenskih uslova u pojedinim godinama. Zaoravanjem žetvenih ostataka preduseva povećava se sadržaj organske materije u zemljištu, što ima pozitivan uticaj na plodnost zemljišta. U jedanaestogodišnjim istraživanjima proučavan je uticaj zaoravanja žetvenih ostataka preduseva kukuruza na prinos soje. Poslednjih nekoliko godina sve više se promoviše korišćenje žetvenih ostataka za dobijanje energije. Pogrešno je nazivati ovaj vid dobijene energije kao obnovljivu energiju, pošto se na duži period odnošenjem žetvenih ostataka sa poljoprivrednih površina pogoršava i trajno narušava plodnost zemljišta, što će dovesti u budućnosti do smanjenja prinosa gajenih biljaka, a samim tim i do smanjenja žetvenih ostataka. Zbog sve manje primene stajnjaka i organskih đubriva, neophodno je bar deo žetvenih ostataka gajenih biljaka vratiti u zemljište, kako bi se sačuvala struktura zemljišta i usporilo opadanje njegove plodnosti. Zaoravanje žetvenih ostataka preduseva kukuruza dovelo je do povećanja prinosa soje u proseku za 11,69%, odnosno po pojedinim godinama povećanje prinosa je bilo od 2,89% do 15,94%

Stability of the expression of the maize productivity parameters by AMMI models and GGE-biplot analysis

The objective of this study was to estimate genotype by locality, by year, by treatments (G×LxYxT) interaction using AMMI model, to identify maize genotypes with stable number of rows of grains performance in different growing seasons. The trials conducted with seven maize lines/genotypes, four treatments, two years and at the two locations. The results showed that the influence of genotype (G), year (Y), locality (L), and G×L, G×T, G×L×T, G×Y×T, G×Y×L×T interaction on maize number of rows of grains were significant (p<0.01). The genotype share in the total phenotypic variance for the grains number rows of was 53.50%, and the interaction was 21.15%. The results also show that the sums of the squares of the first and second major components (PC1 and PC2) constitute 100% of the sum of the squares of the interaction G×L. The first PC1 axis belongs to all 100%, which points to the significance of the genotype in the total variation and significance of the genotype for overall interaction with other observed sources of variability. The highest stability in terms of expression of the grains number of rows had the genotype L-6, followed by the genotypes L-4, L-5 and L-3. The lowest stability was demonstrated by the genotypes L-2 and L-1, which confirmed that these genotypes are not important for further selection in terms of this trait

Mulacija toksičnih metala u vegetativnim delovima pšenice

Wheat is one of the most important grains in the world. Wheat is not only the most important agricultural crop, but also one of the most important agricultural products in Europe. Suffice it to say that this is the product from which it receives desperately bread and a number of food products. Toxic metals originating from contaminated air and soil. The land is my toxic metals found as a result of their presence in the parent rocks. Also, the effective application of organic and mineral fertilizers leads to soil contamination. Toxic metals plant adopts the root from the soil, and from the atmosphere through the leaves.Pšenica predstavlja jedno od najvažnijih žita u svetu. Ona nije samo najvažnija ratarska kultura, već i jedan od najvažnijih poljoprivrednih proizvoda u Evropi. Dovoljno je reći da je to proizvod od kog se dobija 'nasušni hleb' i niz prehrambenih proizvoda. Toksični metali potiču iz kontaminiranog vazduha i zemljišta. U zemljištu se toksični metali mogu naći kao posledica njihovog prisustva u matičnim stenama. Takođe, neracionalnom upotrebom organskih i mineralnih đubriva može doći do kontaminacije zemljišta. Toksične metale biljka usvaja korenom iz zemljišta, a iz atmosfere i preko lista