Numerical Simulation on Sand Accumulation behind Artificial Reefs and Enhancement of Windblown Sand to Hinterland

Salients were formed in the lee of two artificial reefs (submerged breakwaters) constructed on Kimigahama Beach in Chiba Prefecture, Japan, owing to the wave-sheltering effect of the reefs, and then, a significant amount of fine sand was transported inland from the salients by wind action. In this study, not only shoreline changes after the installation of the two artificial reefs but also beach changes caused by windblown sand were predicted using a model, in which the BG model (a model for predicting three-dimensional beach changes due to waves based on Bagnold’s concept) is combined with a cellular automaton method. Reproduction calculation was carried out on the basis of field data. Beach changes after the artificial reefs were removed were also predicted and the effect of beach nourishment was investigated. It was concluded that landward sand transport by wind is accelerated when wave-sheltering structures such as an artificial reef are constructed on a coast composed of fine sand, and such an effect can be successfully predicted by using the present model

<特集号論文>世界遺産斎場御嶽における来訪者の特性とスピリチュアリティ : 日本人・外国人来訪者の行動比較を通して

本研究は世界遺産の斎場御嶽を対象に日本人および外国人来訪者の特性とスピリチュアリティの関係を明らかにした。斎場御嶽は世界遺産登録以降に来訪者が急増し，とくに近年は東アジアからの外国人も訪れるようになった。外国人来訪者の約7割を占める台湾人と韓国人はいずれも来訪後に斎場御嶽に関する知識の増加がみられ，なかでも台湾人の増加率が高かった。日本人の多くはスピリチュアルな関心を有していたが，来訪者の中には「巡礼者＞ツーリスト」型と「巡礼者＜ツーリスト」型の二つのタイプが確認できた。また，斎場御嶽に複数回訪れている日本人は前者のタイプと位置づけられるものの，斎場御嶽の俗化を度々経験することで後者のタイプへ変化する傾向にあることが示唆された。他方で，外国人来訪者とスピリチュアリティの関係については，台湾人の中にスピリチュアルな関心がある者が存在したが，来訪動機との関係から「巡礼者＜ツーリスト」型に該当すると考えられた

近世期における富士山信仰とツーリズム

This paper examines the relation between traditional pilgrimages to Mt. Fuji and related tourism in the pre-modern era. It takes into account the worship of Mt. Fuji as a sacred mountain and the activities of oshi pilgrim masters (low-ranking Shinto priests) who organized pilgrimages. Chapter II presents an overview of the worship of Mt. Fuji in its original form before modern times, and the historical development of that worship. Like other sacred mountains in Japan, Fuji was worshiped from a distance as a kannabi, a place where gods were believed to be enshrined. It was also worshiped as an area of the underworld, takai, where ancestral spirits rested. In addition, the mountain was thought itself to be a god: both a benevolent god who brings water and an angry god who brings natural disasters through volcanic eruptions. Historically, pilgrimages by ascetics to Mt. Fuji are first found in sources from the Heian era to the Kamakura era. Subsequently, Mt. Fuji gradually became one of the mountains of Shugendo, a Japanese ascetic-shamanist belief system incorporating Shinto and Buddhist concepts. Chapter III examines the establishment of devotional Fuji confraternities, called Fuji-ko, and the popularization of pilgrimages in modern times. The viewpoints of the various types of Fuji-ko, their religious beliefs, and aspects of their pilgrimages are discussed. In general, a Fuji-ko confraternity consisted of three officers—komoto (host of the ko), a sendatsu (guide), and sewanin (manager)—and members. They made pilgrimages in a three-to-ten-year cycle; the journey was usually a round trip of eight days and seven nights from Edo (the former name of Tokyo) to the mountain, arranged by oshi at Kamiyoshida, at the mountain\u27s foot. Although Fuji was the main destination, others were often included. Some of these were sacred places related to Kakugyo (the founder of the pilgrimage to Mt. Fuji) and Jikigyo Miroku (the famous leader of Fujiko in the Edo era), and other sacred mountains such as Mt. Ooyama. Chapter IV examines the characteristics of Kamiyoshida, the village of oshi priests, which provided pilgrims with a range of services, including accommodation and assistance in climbing the mountain. Kamiyoshida was a particularly large settlement among those at the foot of Mt. Fuji, featuring large residences and rectangular zoning with special entrance roads. At its peak, the village had more than 100 houses aligned in a row. It was very prosperous in summer, when pilgrimages were most frequent. Chapter V examines characteristics of the pilgrimage destination and politics of location. The fact that citizens of Edo could view Mt. Fuji even though it was far away gave it a disarming allure and familiarity. Climbing the mountain was regarded as a great accomplishment, and in this way the pilgrimage became a journey of faith. The oshi priests, as the receiving party, created various legends of faith to draw pilgrims to their village rather than other starting points to Mt. Fuji or other shrines or temples. These legends contributed to the rise of Kamiyoshida and the oshi, and ultimately to their downfall

Natural Mycoplasma bovis infection associated with epithelioid granulomatous caseonecrotic bronchiolitis at a progressed disease stage in calves

Mycoplasma bovis (M. bovis) is a pathogen that especially effects the respiratory system of cattle. We focused on the histopathological changes in the lungs caused by M. bovis because the lesions in the bronchi or bronchioles and alveoli are quite different in natural infections. Thirty-five lung samples from 2-to 12-month-old Japanese Black calves with respiratory symptoms were collected and examined for bacteria presence and pathological changes using immunohistochemistry (IHC). Using the loop-mediated isothermal amplification method, 18 of the 35 samples were found to be positive for M. bovis, which was isolated and identified. In 7 of the samples, only M. bovis was detected, whereas in the other 11, other bacteria coexisted with M. bovis. Anti-M. bovis, anti-MAC387, anti-Iba1, anti-CD3, anti-CD20, anti-AE1/AE3 cytokeratin and anti-IL8 were used for antigen detection. Histopathological studies and diagnoses of the lungs were examined in two parts; bronchiolar lesions and alveolar lesions. The bronchiolar findings were divided into three groups: granulomatous, caseonecrotic and suppurative bronchiolitis. The alveolar lesions found were quite mild, except in three cases. IHC staining revealed strong evidence of M. bovis in degenerated neutrophils, which was confirmed by electron microscopy. The main inflammatory cell response to M. bovis infections was degenerate neutrophils, which caused the destruction of the bronchial epithelium and possibly induced epithelioid granulomatous inflammation, resulting in severe chronic respiratory diseases in cattle