Identification of Sources of Bacterial Wilt Resistance in Common Bean (\u3ci\u3ePhaseolus vulgaris\u3c/i\u3e)

Over the last decade, bacterial wilt, caused by Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens, has reemerged in the Central High Plains (Nebraska, Colorado, and Wyoming) and has been identified in almost 500 fields. Affected fields were planted with bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) from multiple market classes and seed sources, including yellow, great northern, pinto, kidney, cranberry, black, navy, pink, and small red, and incidence varied from trace levels to \u3e90%. One wiltresistant bean, ‘Emerson’, is available today but it is grown on a limited basis as a specialized cultivar for targeted markets in Europe and cannot be grown in all fields where the disease has recently been identified. Thus, we are faced with an emerging problem that must be addressed by utilizing newly developed resistant cultivars. This study was initiated to evaluate the Phaseolus National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS) bean collection for resistance to C. flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens in the ongoing effort to develop a new wilt-resistant cultivar adapted to this region. In total, 467 entries, including accessions from the NPGS, several commercial great northern and pinto cultivars, and University of Nebraska experimental lines, were screened with a highly virulent orange strain of C. flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens previously recovered from an infected great northern bean plant in Nebraska. Bacterial wilt severity ratings were 1.0 to 9.0 (0 to 90% incidence). Of the 427 accessions from the NPGS, only 1 showed resistance (0.23%), 19 showed intermediate resistances (4.45%), and the remainder were susceptible (95.34%). PI 325691 was identified as a source of bacterial wilt resistance. It was screened against six additional C. flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens strains and still produced resistant reactions. PI 325691 is a wild common bean (P. vulgaris) collected 8 miles South of Tzitzio, Michoacán, Mexico; however, it has a small seed size (5.3 g 100–1 seeds) that is commercially unacceptable. It will take several backcrosses to transfer this resistance to bacterial wilt and recover the seed size into a cultivated bean

Pinto Beans (\u3ci\u3ePhaseolus vulgaris\u3c/i\u3e L.) as a Functional Food: Implications on Human Health

Most foods are considered functional in terms of providing nutrients and energy to sustain daily life, but dietary systems that are capable of preventing or remediating a stressed or diseased state are classified as functional foods. Dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) contain high levels of chemically diverse components (phenols, resistance starch, vitamins, fructooligosaccharides) that have shown to protect against such conditions as oxidative stress, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and many types of cancer, thereby positioning this legume as an excellent functional food. Moreover, the United States has a rich dry bean history and is currently a top producer of dry beans in the world with pinto beans accounting for the vast majority. Despite these attributes, dry bean consumption in the US remains relatively low. Therefore, the objective of this manuscript is to review dry beans as an important US agricultural crop and as functional food for the present age with an emphasis on pinto beans

Determining water use of sorghum from two-source energy balance and radiometric temperatures

Estimates of surface actual evapotranspiration (ET) can assist in predicting crop water requirements. An alternative to the traditional crop-coefficient methods are the energy balance models. The objective of this research was to show how surface temperature observations can be used, together with a two-source energy balance model, to determine crop water use throughout the different phenological stages of a crop grown. Radiometric temperatures were collected in a sorghum (<i>Sorghum bicolor</i>) field as part of an experimental campaign carried out in Barrax, Spain, during the 2010 summer growing season. Performance of the Simplified Two-Source Energy Balance (STSEB) model was evaluated by comparison of estimated ET with values measured on a weighing lysimeter. Errors of ±0.14 mm h<sup>−1</sup> and ±1.0 mm d<sup>−1</sup> were obtained at hourly and daily scales, respectively. Total accumulated crop water use during the campaign was underestimated by 5%. It is then shown that thermal radiometry can provide precise crop water necessities and is a promising tool for irrigation management

Transpiración nocturna en vid

Se presentan las medidas de transpiración media cada quince minutos, de la vid (Vitis vinifera cv. Tempranillo), en tres periodos fenológicos del cultivo: cerrado de racimo, envero y maduración. El estudio se realizó en dos plantas de 16 años de edad, a un marco de plantación de 3 m x 1,5 m, regadas mediante goteo y plantadas en un lisímetro de pesada continua monolítico de 9 m2 de superficie. Con la finalidad de poder medir la transpiración, la superficie del lisímetro fue cubierta con una lona impermeable, para evitar la pérdida de agua por evaporación, dejándose únicamente al aire libre el cultivo; de esta manera, las medidas registradas de pérdida de peso se debieron únicamente al efecto de la transpiración. Los resultados indicaron transpiración antes y después de la salida del sol, oscilando los valores de un 7% a un 16%, con respecto a la transpiración total del día.Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad AGL2014- 54201-C4-4-RMinisterio de Economía y Competitividad RTA2011-00100-C05-04Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad RTA 2014-00049-C05-0

Standard single and basal crop coefficients for field crops. Updates and advances to the FAO56 crop water requirements method

ReviewThis study reviews the abundant research on FAO56 crop coefficients, published following introduction of the FAO56 paper in 1998. The primary goal was to evaluate, update, and consolidate the mid-season and end-season single (Kc) and basal (Kcb) crop coefficients, tabulated for many field crops in FAO56. The review found that the prevalent approach for estimating crop evapotranspiration (ETc) is the FAO56 Kc-ETo approach, i.e., the product of the Kc and reference evapotranspiration (ETo). The FAO56 Kc-ETo approach requires use of the FAO56 PM-ETo grass reference equation with appropriate crop-specific Kc and/or Kcb. Reviewed research provided various approaches to determine Kc and Kcb and used a variety of actual crop ET (ETc act) measurements. Significant attention was placed on accessing the accuracy of the field measurements and models used in these studies. Accuracy requirements, upper limits for Kc values, and related causal errors are discussed. Conceptual approaches relative to Kc transferability requirements are provided with focus on standard crop conditions and use of the FAO56 segmented Kc curve. Papers selected to update Kc∕Kcb used the FAO56 PM-ETo, provided accurate measurements to determine and partition ETc act, and satisfied transferability requirements. Selected observed Kc and Kcb values were converted to standard, sub-humid climate as adopted in FAO56. Observed values, with respect to tabulated FAO56 Kc and Kcb, were used in consolidating updated values for crops within general categories of grain legumes, fiber crops, oil crops, sugar crops, small grain cereals, maize and sorghum, and rice. Ancillary data, e.g., maximum root depth and crop height, were also collected from selected literature and tabulated. Results showed good agreement between updated and original tabulated FAO56 Kc and Kcb, confirming the reliability of the FAO56 values. This indicates change in the Kc (ETc/ETo ratio) of crops has not occurred due to climate change during the past ≈sixty years. New Kc∕Kcb data for crops, not included in FAO56, are also now presented for several oil crops and pseudocereals. The approach adopted for rice differs from FAO56 because consideration was given to the numerous rice water management practices currently used and, thus, Kc∕Kcb values for the initial season of rice were also presented. The review also observed that many research papers did not satisfy the adopted requirements in terms of ETo method and/or the accuracy of ETc act determinations and, therefore, could not be used. Thus, emphasis is placed on adopting improved accuracy and quality control in future research aimed at determining Kc data comparable to presented values. The transferability of standard Kc and Kcb has been assured for the values tabulated herein. Improved future applications of the FAO56 Kc-ETo method should consider remote sensing observations when available, particularly in defining crop growth stages at given locationsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Estimación de la evaporación/transpiración en un cultivo de viña mediante radiometría térmica

La estimación precisa de la evapotranspiración de cultivo (ETc), así como su partición en las componentes evaporativa (E) y transpirativa (T), resultan fundamentales para mejorar la eficacia en la gestión del riego de cultivos en hilera en regiones áridas y semiáridas. El objetivo de este trabajo es contribuir a un mejor entendimiento de la partición E/T sobre viña llevando a cabo un balance de energía por separado para las componentes de suelo y de vegetación. En este trabajo se presentan los resultados de un experimento llevado a cabo en la finca de Las Tiesas, Albacete, de junio a octubre de 2013. Se instalaron un conjunto de radiómetros de infrarrojo térmico, apuntando directamente a las plantas y al suelo entre hileras. Se tomaron medidas de las cuatro componentes de la radiación neta, del flujo de calor en el suelo, además de variables meteorológicas y parámetros biofísicos. Todas las medidas se almacenaron en intervalos de 15 minutos, y se promediaron después a escala horaria y diaria. El valor medio observado de ETc fue de 3,1 mm día-1. La evaporación se estimó en torno al 30%. Los resultados presentados en este trabajo ofrecen una primera impresión de la partición E/T, y muestran el potencial de la caracterización térmica de la viña con este finAn accurate estimation of crop evapotranspiration (ETc), and its partition into both components, soil evaporation (E) and canopy transpiration (T), is known to be critical for a more effective irrigation scheduling of row-crops in arid and semi-arid environments. Vineyards are the best example in Mediterranean countries. The aim of this work is to improve our understanding of the E/T partition in vineyards by establishing a separate energy balance for soil and canopy components. An experiment was conducted in Las Tiesas experimental farm, Albacete (Spain), from June to October of 2013. A set of thermal-infrared radiometers were assembled pointing directly to the plants and the soil between rows. Measurements of the four components of the net radiation over the canopy and soil heat fluxes, as well as meteorological variables and biophysical parameters were all collected and stored every 15-min. Hourly and daily averages were then computed and analyzed. An average daily ETc value of 3.1 mm day-1 was observed in both sites. Interrow soil evaporation reached as much as 30% of the total ETc. These results provide a first insight into the partition E/T and show the potential of the vine thermal characterization with this aim.Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad CGL2013-46862-C2-1/2-PUnión Europea, AGL2014-54201-C4-4-RInstituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agrarias RTA 2011-00100-C05-04Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agrarias RTA 2014-00049-C05-03Generalitat Valenciana PROMETEOII/2014/08

¿Es posible mejorar la eficiencia en el uso del agua de un viñedo mediante un acolchado orgánico del suelo?

El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el efecto que un acolchado orgánico del suelo (restos de poda) puede tener sobre la evapotranspiración del cultivo (ETc) de la vid con el fin de mejorar la eficiencia en el uso del agua. El estudio se realizó durante la campaña de 2015 en la finca “Las Tiesas”, Albacete (España). Las medidas se llevaron a cabo en un lisímetro monolítico de pesada ubicado en el centro de una parcela de vid (Vitis vinífera L., cv. Tempranillo) de 1 ha de superficie, y con cepas plantadas a un marco de 3 x 1,5 m y conducción en espaldera. Se llevaron a cabo tres ciclos de medidas, cada uno consistió en mantener el suelo desnudo durante los dos primeros días, los dos siguientes se cubrió la superficie del lisímetro con un acolchado orgánico (restos de poda de la vid) y los dos últimos días se cubrió el lisímetro con un acolchado inorgánico (lona de plástico). Los resultados indican que para la misma demanda evaporativa y fracción de cubierta vegetal, el acolchado orgánico redujo la ETc de la vid algo más de un 17%, mientras que el plástico la redujo un 25%. Los resultados obtenidos indican que con el acolchado orgánico sigue produciéndose una cierta evaporación de agua desde el suelo, pero se reduce considerablemente la ETc pudiéndose mejorar la eficiencia en el uso del agua.Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad FEDER AGL2014-54201-C4-4- RRTA 2011-00100-C05-04RTA 2014-00049-C05-0

Standard single and basal crop coefficients for vegetable crops, an update of FAO56 crop water requirements approach

ReviewMany research papers on crop water requirements of vegetables have been produced since the publication of the FAO56 guidelines in 1998. A review of this literature has shown that determination of crop evapotranspiration (ETc) using the Kc-ETo approach, i.e., the product of the specific crop coefficient (Kc) by the reference evapotranspiration (ETo), is the most widely-used method for irrigation water management. Consequently, a review was made to provide updated information on the Kc values for these crops. The reviewed research provided various approaches to determine Kc in its single and dual versions. With this purpose, actual crop ET (ETc act ) was determined with lysimeters, or by performing the soil water balance using measured soil water content and computational models, or by using Bowen ratio energy balance and eddy covariance measurements, or by using remote sensing applications. When determining the basal Kc(Kcb), the partitioning of ETc act was evaluated using different approaches, though mainly using the FAO56 dual Kc method. Since the accuracy of experimentally-determined Kc and Kcb values depends upon the procedure used to compute ETo, as well as accuracy in determining and partitioning of ETc act , the adequacy of the measurement requirements for each approach was carefully reviewed. The article discusses in detail the conceptual methodology relative to crop coefficients and the requirements for transferability, namely distinguishing between actual and standard Kc and the need to appropriately use the FAO segmented Kc curve. Hence, the research papers selected to update and consolidate mid-season and end-season standard Kc and Kcb were those that computed ETo with the FAO56 PM-ETo equation; and that also used accurate approaches to determine and partition ETc act for pristine, non-stressed cropping conditions. Under these experimental conditions, the reported Kc and Kcb values relative to the mid- and end-season could be considered as transferable standard Kc and/or Kcb values after adjustment to the standard climate adopted in FAO56, where average RHmin = 45% and average u2 = 2 m s−1 over the mid-season and late season growth stages. For each vegetable crop, these standard values were then compared with the FAO56 tabulated Kc and Kcb values to define the updated values tabulated in the current article. In addition, reported ancillary data, such as maximum root zone depth, maximum crop height, and soil water depletion fraction for no water stress, were also collected from selected papers and tabulated in comparison with those given for the crops in FAO56. The presentation of updated crop coefficient results is performed by grouping the vegetables differently than in FAO56, where distinction is made according to their edible parts: (1) roots, tubers, bulbs and stem vegetables; (2) leaves and flowers vegetables; (3) fruit and pod vegetables; and (4) herbs, spices and special crops, with most of them being newly introduced herein. The updated Kc and Kcb of vegetable crops based on this review are generally coincident with those in FAO56, although slightly lower for several crops. Close agreement of selected paper values with FAO56 values provides good evidence of their quality and also confirms the reliability of the original FAO56 tabulated values. It is noteworthy that many papers surveyed from the past 20 years did not satisfy the adopted Kc requirements in terms of ETo computation method nor provide solid evidence of measurement accuracy for ETc act . It is recommended that future Kc research of vegetables should sufficiently address these issues with objectives broadened to provide more transferable data to other regions. Also, new data on vegetable Kc and Kcb values should be carefully scrutinized in the context of these results and those provided in FAO56info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Registration of Great Northern Common Bean Cultivar ‘Coyne’ with Enhanced Disease Resistance to Common Bacterial Blight and Bean Rust

Great northern common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) ‘Coyne’ (Reg. No. CV-287, PI 655574) was developed by the dry bean breeding program at the University of Nebraska Agricultural Research Division and released in 2008. It was bred specifically for adaptation to Nebraska growing conditions and for enhanced resistance to common bacterial blight (CBB), a major disease of common bean caused by the seed-borne bacterium Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli (Smith) Dye, and bean common rust Uromyces appendiculatus (Pers.:Pers) Unger. Coyne is a great northern F7:8 line derived from a three-way cross (G95023/Weihing//BelMiNeb-RMR-11). The first cross was made in winter 2003. The F7:8 was tested in advanced yield trials at Scottsbluff and Mitchell, NE, and in growers’ fields in Nebraska. Yield of Coyne was only 47 kg ha–1 lower than ‘Marquis’ in Morrill and Scotts Bluff, NE, counties. Reaction of Coyne to CBB under field conditions was consistent across 3 yr at the West Central Research and Extension Center, North Platte, NE, where fi eld disease ratings of 3.2, 3.5, and 4.4 were recorded in 2005, 2006, and 2007, respectively. Coyne has the Ur-3 and Ur-6 genes for resistance to common bean rust and carries the single dominant hypersensitive I gene that provides resistance to all non-necrotic strains of Bean common mosaic virus. Coyne has bright white seed, blooms 44 d after planting, and is a midseason bean, maturing 91 d after planting