A Global Hypothesis for Women in Journalism and Mass Communications: The Ratio of Recurrent and Reinforced Residuum

This paper examines the status of women in communications industries and on university faculties. It specifically tests the Ratio of Recurrent and Reinforced Residuum or R3 hypothesis, as developed by Rush in the early 1980s [Rush, Buck & Ogan,1982]. The R3 hypothesis predicts that the percentage of women in the communications industries and on university faculties will follow the ratio residing around 1/4:3/4 or 1/3:2/3 proportion females to males. This paper presents data from a nationwide U.S. survey and compares them to data from global surveys and United Nations reports. The evidence is overwhelming and shows the relevance and validity of the R3 hypothesis across different socio-economic and cultural contexts. The paper argues that the ratio is the outcome of systemic discrimination that operates at multiple levels. The obstacles to achieving equality in the academy as well as media industries are discussed and suggestions for breaking out of the R3 ratio are included.

A Global Hypothesis for Women in Journalism and Mass Communications: The Ratio of Recurrent and Reinforced Residuum

This paper examines the status of women in communications industries and on university faculties. It specifically tests the Ratio of Recurrent and Reinforced Residuum or R3 hypothesis, as developed by Rush in the early 1980s [Rush, Buck & Ogan,1982]. The R3 hypothesis predicts that the percentage of women in the communications industries and on university faculties will follow the ratio residing around 1/4:3/4 or 1/3:2/3 proportion females to males. This paper presents data from a nationwide U.S. survey and compares them to data from global surveys and United Nations reports. The evidence is overwhelming and shows the relevance and validity of the R3 hypothesis across different socio-economic and cultural contexts. The paper argues that the ratio is the outcome of systemic discrimination that operates at multiple levels. The obstacles to achieving equality in the academy as well as media industries are discussed and suggestions for breaking out of the R3 ratio are included.

Behind closed doors A report on the public response to an advertising campaign about discrimination against married women in certain social security benefits

SIGLELD:GPB-1230. / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreGBUnited Kingdo

Formal investigation report Sindney Stringer school and community college, Coventry

3.00SIGLELD:GPB-2730 / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreGBUnited Kingdo

New technology and women's employment Case studies from West Yorkshire

SIGLELD:GPB-2474 / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreGBUnited Kingdo

Job-sharing Improving the quality and availability of part-time work

SIGLELD:0803.665(1) / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreGBUnited Kingdo

Equal opportunities What's in it for boys: report of the conference held on 19 November 1982

LD:GPB-2942 / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreSIGLEGBUnited Kingdo

Formal investigation into further education in Northern Ireland

1.25SIGLELD:81/21256(Formal). / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreGBUnited Kingdo

Sidetracked A look at the careers advice given to fifth-form girls

SIGLELD:GPB-1227. / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreGBUnited Kingdo

Day release for girls An investigation into why so few girls receive time off work for part time study

LD:GPB-2776 / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreSIGLEGBUnited Kingdo