Children of Prisoners: Their Situation and Role in Long-Term Crime Prevention

Studies suggest that maintaining family ties can help reduce the likelihood of reoffending, and that while parental imprisonment can increase a child’s likelihood to offend, positive responses to the situation can aid the children’s well-being, attitude and attainment. Drawing on findings from the recently completed EU-funded COPING Project on the mental health of children of prisoners, this chapter explores the factors that aid a child’s ability to cope with parental imprisonment and the actions that different stakeholders can take to support them. It identifies some of the mental health impacts at different stages of parental imprisonment, the roles played by non-imprisoned parents/carers and by schools, and suggests options for further clarifying the factors that help and hinder children of prisoners in the short and long term

Ultrasonic intensification as a tool for enhanced microbial biofuel yields

peer-reviewedUltrasonication has recently received attention as a novel bioprocessing tool for process intensification in many areas of downstream processing. Ultrasonic intensification (periodic ultrasonic treatment during the fermentation process) can result in a more effective homogenization of biomass and faster energy and mass transfer to biomass over short time periods which can result in enhanced microbial growth. Ultrasonic intensification can allow the rapid selective extraction of specific biomass components and can enhance product yields which can be of economic benefit. This review focuses on the role of ultrasonication in the extraction and yield enhancement of compounds from various microbial sources, specifically algal and cyanobacterial biomass with a focus on the production of biofuels. The operating principles associated with the process of ultrasonication and the influence of various operating conditions including ultrasonic frequency, power intensity, ultrasonic duration, reactor designs and kinetics applied for ultrasonic intensification are also described

Powder-in-tube-processed multifilamentary Bi-(2223) tapes with silver-alloy sheaths

Hütten A, Schubert M, Rodig C, Schlafer U, Fischer K. Powder-in-tube-processed multifilamentary Bi-(2223) tapes with silver-alloy sheaths. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics. 1997;33(5):3448-3450.Superconducting Bi-(2323) multifilamentary tapes with Ag100-xYx alloy sheaths, with Y=Cu, Mn and Pd, were made by the oxide-powder-in-tube technique. All resistivities of the Ag alloy sheaths exceed that of the pure Ag sheath by at least a factor of 2. The maximum resistivity was achieved for Ag99Pd1 with rho(77K)=1.3 mu Omega cm. Tapes sheathed by Ag90Cu10 exceed the critical current density, Jc, of pure Ag sheathed ones. J(C) up to 26 kA/cm(2) were achieved by pressing sheathed tapes during the thermo-mechanical-treatment, TMT. For thinner Ag90Cu10 sheathed tapes up to 31 kA/cm(2) were obtained employing flat rolling during TMT. Measured irreversibility lines of thin and thicker tapes with comparable J(C) Suggest, that thicker tapes have a larger pinning strength and a better grain texture bit thinner ones better grain-to-grain connectivity

The effect of silver-alloy sheaths on fabrication, microstructure and critical current density of powder-in-tube processed multifilamentary Bi(2223) tapes

Hütten A, Schubert M, Rodig C, Schlafer U, Verges P, Fischer K. The effect of silver-alloy sheaths on fabrication, microstructure and critical current density of powder-in-tube processed multifilamentary Bi(2223) tapes. APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY 1997, VOLS 1 AND 2: VOL 1: SMALL SCALE AND ELECTRONIC APPLICATIONS; VOL 2: LARGE SCALE AND POWER APPLICATIONS. 1997;(158):1255-1258.Critical current densities of up to 33.8 kA/cm(2) and a matrix resistivity of 1.05 mu Omega cm at 77 K have been achieved in multifilamentary Bi-2223 tapes made by bundling Ag-sheathed monofilamentary wires into a Ag93.86Cu6.14 tube. A maximum resistivity of 1.2 mu Omega cm was measured for Ag98Pd2 Sheathed tapes with 19.8 kA/cm(2) (77K, OT). Homogeneous deformation of tapes with 5.8 mu m thick filaments sheathed by Ag or Ag-alloys has been achieved using a rolling mill with a roll diameter < 30 mm

Investigation of heat treatment and deformation processes of BPSCCO-2223/Ag conductors

Fahr T, Hütten A, Pitschke W, et al. Investigation of heat treatment and deformation processes of BPSCCO-2223/Ag conductors. APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY 1997, VOLS 1 AND 2: VOL 1: SMALL SCALE AND ELECTRONIC APPLICATIONS; VOL 2: LARGE SCALE AND POWER APPLICATIONS. 1997;(158):961-964.This paper presents results of thermoanalytical and XRD investigations at room temperature and in a high temperature chamber concerning the early stage of the transformation of precursors for the fabrication of Bi,Pb-2223 I Ag tapes. The occurence of two parallel reactions is suggested at the beginning of reaction annealing of the conductors, (i) the formation of Bi,Pb-2212 from the ph free phase and (ii) the formation of a liquid phase accelerating the Bi,Pb-2223 phase formation. High temperature XRD experiments show the appearence of a preferential orientation of the 2212 phase in the period of heating the tape to the reaction temperature. A second part shows the dependence of the microhardness and sausaging in monofilamentary tapes on rolling parameters as well as results of the production of a multifilamentary tape with 99 filaments and a length of 550 m, where a critical current density of 25,8 kA/cm(2) was achieved