19,419 research outputs found
On the Key-Uncertainty of Quantum Ciphers and the Computational Security of One-way Quantum Transmission
We consider the scenario where Alice wants to send a secret (classical)
-bit message to Bob using a classical key, and where only one-way
transmission from Alice to Bob is possible. In this case, quantum communication
cannot help to obtain perfect secrecy with key length smaller then . We
study the question of whether there might still be fundamental differences
between the case where quantum as opposed to classical communication is used.
In this direction, we show that there exist ciphers with perfect security
producing quantum ciphertext where, even if an adversary knows the plaintext
and applies an optimal measurement on the ciphertext, his Shannon uncertainty
about the key used is almost maximal. This is in contrast to the classical case
where the adversary always learns bits of information on the key in a known
plaintext attack. We also show that there is a limit to how different the
classical and quantum cases can be: the most probable key, given matching
plain- and ciphertexts, has the same probability in both the quantum and the
classical cases. We suggest an application of our results in the case where
only a short secret key is available and the message is much longer.Comment: 19 pages, 2 figures. This is a revised version of an earlier version
that appeared in the proc. of Eucrocrypt'04:LNCS3027, 200
On free energies of the Ising model on the Cayley tree
We present, for the Ising model on the Cayley tree, some explicit formulae of
the free energies (and entropies) according to boundary conditions (b.c.). They
include translation-invariant, periodic, Dobrushin-like b.c., as well as those
corresponding to (recently discovered) weakly periodic Gibbs states. The later
are defined through a partition of the tree that induces a 4-edge-coloring. We
compute the density of each color.Comment: 18 pages, 4 figure
The Pulse Scale Conjecture and the Case of BATSE Trigger 2193
The pulses that compose gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are hypothesized to have the
same shape at all energies, differing only by scale factors in time and
amplitude. This "Pulse Scale Conjecture" is confirmed here between energy
channels of the dominant pulse in GRB 930214c (BATSE trigger 2193), the single
most fluent single-pulsed GRB that occurred before May 1998. Furthermore,
pulses are hypothesized to start at the same time independent of energy. This
"Pulse Start Conjecture" is also confirmed in GRB 930214c. Analysis of GRB
930214c also shows that, in general, higher energy channels show shorter
temporal scale factors. Over the energy range 100 KeV - 1 MeV, it is found that
the temporal scale factors between a pulse measured at different energies are
related to that energy by a power law, possibly indicating a simple
relativistic mechanism is at work. To test robustness, the Pulse Start and
Pulse Scale Conjectures were also tested on the four next most fluent
single-pulse GRBs. Three of the four clearly passed, with a second smaller
pulse possibly confounding the discrepant test. Models where the pulse rise and
decay are created by different phenomena do not typically predict pulses that
satisfy both the Pulse Start Conjecture and the Pulse Scale Conjecture, unless
both processes are seen to undergo common time dilation.Comment: 19 pages, 9 figures, analysis revised and extended, accepted to Ap
Feynman-Hellmann theorem for resonances and the quest for QCD exotica
The generalization of the Feynman-Hellmann theorem for resonance states in
quantum field theory is derived. On the basis of this theorem, a criterion is
proposed to study the possible exotic nature of certain hadronic states
emerging in QCD. It is shown that this proposal is supported by explicit
calculations in Chiral Perturbation Theory and by large- arguments.
Analyzing recent lattice data on the quark mass dependence in the pseudoscalar,
vector meson, baryon octet and baryon decuplet sectors, we conclude that, as
expected, these are predominately quark-model states, albeit the corrections
are non-negligible.Comment: 26 pages, 2 figure
Different scenarios of dynamic coupling in glassy colloidal mixtures
Colloidal mixtures represent a versatile model system to study transport in
complex environments. They allow for a systematic variation of the control
parameters, namely size ratio, total volume fraction and composition. We study
the effects of these parameters on the dynamics of dense suspensions using
molecular dynamics simulations and differential dynamic microscopy experiments.
We investigate the motion of the small particles through the matrix of large
particles as well as the motion of the large particles. A particular focus is
on the coupling of the collective dynamics of the small and large particles and
on the different mechanisms leading to this coupling. For large size ratios,
about 1:5, and an increasing fraction of small particles, the dynamics of the
two species become increasingly coupled and reflect the structure of the large
particles. This is attributed to the dominant effect of the large particles on
the motion of the small particles which is mediated by the increasing crowding
of the small particles. Furthermore, for moderate size ratios, about 1:3, and
sufficiently high fractions of small particles, mixed cages are formed and
hence the dynamics are also strongly coupled. Again, the coupling becomes
weaker as the fraction of small particles is decreased. In this case, however,
the collective intermediate scattering function of the small particles shows a
logarithmic decay corresponding to a broad range of relaxation times
Molecular Gas and Star Formation in the Cartwheel
Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) 12CO(J=1-0) observations
are used to study the cold molecular ISM of the Cartwheel ring galaxy and its
relation to HI and massive star formation (SF). CO moment maps find
M of H associated with the inner ring
(72%) and nucleus (28%) for a Galactic I(CO)-to-N(H2) conversion factor
(). The spokes and disk are not detected. Analysis of the
inner ring's CO kinematics show it to be expanding ( km
s) implying an Myr age. Stack averaging reveals CO emission
in the starburst outer ring for the first time, but only where HI surface
density () is high, representing M for a metallicity appropriate
, giving small ( M
pc), molecular fraction (), and H depletion
timescales ( Myr). Elsewhere in the outer ring
M pc,
and Myr (all ). The inner ring and
nucleus are H-dominated and are consistent with local spiral SF laws.
in the outer ring appears independent of ,
or . The ISM's long confinement in the
robustly star forming rings of the Cartwheel and AM0644-741 may result in
either a large diffuse H component or an abundance of CO-faint low column
density molecular clouds. The H content of evolved starburst rings may
therefore be substantially larger. Due to its lower and age
the Cartwheel's inner ring has yet to reach this state. Alternately, the outer
ring may trigger efficient SF in an HI-dominated ISM.Comment: 10-pages text; 5-figure
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