A PHARMACIST'S DUTY TO WARN: SOUND ECONOMICS, EFFECTIVE MEDICINE, AND CONSISTENT WITH DRUG REGULATION THEORY

This paper argues in favor of a duty to warn on the part of the pharmacist. In the next section, I begin with a discussion of two common regulatory approaches to warning patients of prescription drug hazards and flesh out their inadequacies. In section three, I will discuss the legal status of the pharmacist's duty to warn and the negative reaction to the current trends in that doctrine. Then, in section four, I will go on to propose an alternative model for the duty to warn, explore arguments in support of this model, and finally attempt to reconcile the proposed duty to warn scheme with the primary theoretical underpinnings of drug regulation in the United States

HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION OF NEURAL NETWORK FOR VEHICLE CLASSIFICATION USING FPGA

Vehicle detection and classification is an important and demanding application of WSN. The idea of utilizing small, almost invisible sensor nodes, equipped with a variety of passive and active sensors, for intrusion detection, force protection and border surveillance, though not new, remains fascinating. This project presents vehicle classification using acoustic signal and its FPGA implementation. For feature extraction TESPAR coding used to produce simple and fixed size matrices which are used for classification purpose. Classification is accomplished by using ANN. It is implemented on FPGA

Encapsulation of water insoluble drugs in mesoporous silica nanoparticles using supercritical carbon dioxide

Mesoporous silica nanoparticles MCM – 41 were synthesized with two dimensional hexagonal p6mm symmetry, high specific surface area(~ 980m2/g) narrow pore size and an average particle size of 186 nm. The produced nanoparticles were used to encapsulate carbamazepine through a supercritical carbon dioxide process combined with various organic solvents. Supercritical processing was found to provide increased drug encapsulation. The loaded MCM - 41 nanoparticles were analyzed using X–ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to investigate the crystalline state of the encapsulated carbamazepine and it was found to be dependent on the nature of the organic solvent. Carbamazepine showed increased dissolution rates under sink conditions. Viability studies of Caco – 2 cells demonstrated negligible cytotoxicity for the MCM–41 nanoparticles

Design of Quaternary Arithmetic Unit in Standard CMOS

The multiple-valued logic (MVL) plays very important role in VLSI circuit design. The number of interconnections is reduced by using Quaternary logic than binary logic. In this paper we present the design of a prototype implementation and experimental results. Quaternary converter circuits are designed by using down literal circuits (DLC). Addition, Subtraction and multiplication i.e. arithmetic operations in Modulo-4 and in galois field logic are design and simulation results are shown in this paper by using Quaternary logic. Schematic of the design is done through S-SPICE. Simulation result is shown in Tspice. Tanner has created a software platform that is cost-effective and easy to use. DOI: 10.17762/ijritcc2321-8169.15054

Review On High Performance Quaternary Arithmetic and Logical Unit in Standard CMOS

Arithmetic circuits play an important role in computational circuits. Multiple Valued Logic (MVL) provides higher density per integrated circuit area compared to traditional two valued binary logic. Quaternary (Four-valued) logic also provides easy interfacing to binary logic because radix 4(22) allows for the use of simple encoding/decoding circuits. The functional completeness is proved by a set of fundamental quaternary cells and the collection of cells based on the Supplementary Symmetrical Logic Circuit Structure (SUSLOC). Cells are designed, simulated, and used to build several quaternary fixed-point arithmetic circuits such as adders, multipliers etc. These SUSLOC circuit cells are validated using SPICE models and the arithmetic architectures are validated using System Verilog models for functional correctness. Quaternary (radix-4) dual operand encoding principles are applied to optimize power and performance of adder circuits using standard CMOS gates technologies

Cotransplantation of Adipose Tissue-Derived Insulin-Secreting Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Hematopoietic Stem Cells: A Novel Therapy for Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus

Aims. Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) is believed to be an autoimmune disorder with disturbed glucose/insulin metabolism, requiring life-long insulin replacement therapy (IRT), 30% of patients develop end-organ failure. We present our experience of cotransplantation of adipose tissue derived insulin-secreting mesenchymal stem cells (IS-AD-MSC) and cultured bone marrow (CBM) as IRT for these patients. Methods. This was a prospective open-labeled clinical trial to test efficacy and safety of IS-AD-MSC+CBM co-transplantation to treat IDDM, approved by the institutional review board after informed consent in 11 (males : females: 7 : 4) patients with 1–24-year disease duration, in age group: 13–43 years, on mean values of exogenous insulin requirement of 1.14 units/kg BW/day, glycosylated hemoglobin (Hb1Ac): 8.47%, and c-peptide levels: 0.1 ng/mL. Intraportal infusion of xenogeneic-free IS-AD-MSC from living donors, subjected to defined culture conditions and phenotypically differentiated to insulin-secreting cells, with mean quantum: 1.5 mL, expressing Pax-6, Isl-1, and pdx-1, cell counts: 2.1 × 103/μL, CD45−/90+/73+:40/30.1%, C-Peptide level:1.8 ng/mL, and insulin level: 339.3  IU/mL with CBM mean quantum: 96.3 mL and cell counts: 28.1 × 103/μL, CD45−/34+:0.62%, was carried out. Results. All were successfully transplanted without any untoward effect. Over mean followup of 23 months, they had a decreased mean exogenous insulin requirement to 0.63 units/kgBW/day, Hb1Ac to 7.39%, raised serum c-peptide levels to 0.38 ng/mL, and became free of diabetic ketoacidosis events with mean 2.5 Kg weight gain on normal vegetarian diet and physical activities. Conclusion. This is the first report of treating IDDM with insulin-secreting-AD-MSC+CBM safely and effectively with relatively simple techniques

Norovirus Infection and Disease in an Ecuadorian Birth Cohort: Association of Certain Norovirus Genotypes With Host FUT2 Secretor Status.

BACKGROUND: Although norovirus is the most common cause of gastroenteritis, there are few data on the community incidence of infection/disease or the patterns of acquired immunity or innate resistance to norovirus. METHODS: We followed a community-based birth cohort of 194 children in Ecuador with the aim to estimate (1) the incidence of norovirus gastroenteritis from birth to age 3 years, (2) the protective effect of norovirus infection against subsequent infection/disease, and (3) the association of infection and disease with FUT2 secretor status. RESULTS: Over the 3-year period, we detected a mean of 2.26 diarrheal episodes per child (range, 0-12 episodes). Norovirus was detected in 260 samples (18%) but was not found more frequently in diarrheal samples (79 of 438 [18%]), compared with diarrhea-free samples (181 of 1016 [18%]; P = .919). A total of 66% of children had at least 1 norovirus infection during the first 3 years of life, and 40% of children had 2 infections. Previous norovirus infections were not associated with the risk of subsequent infection. All genogroup II, genotype 4 (GII.4) infections were among secretor-positive children (P < .001), but higher rates of non-GII.4 infections were found in secretor-negative children (relative risk, 0.56; P = .029). CONCLUSIONS: GII.4 infections were uniquely detected in secretor-positive children, while non-GII.4 infections were more often found in secretor-negative children

Draft Genome Sequence of Magnetovibrio blakemorei Strain MV-1, a Marine Vibrioid Magnetotactic Bacterium.

We report here the genome sequence of Magnetovibrio blakemorei MV-1, a marine vibrioid magnetotactic bacterium with a single polar flagellum. The current assembly consists of 91 contigs with a combined size of 3,638,804 bp (54.3% G+C content). This genome allows for further investigations of the molecular biomineralization mechanisms of magnetosome formation