511,653 research outputs found
Block copolymer self-assembly for nanophotonics
The ability to control and modulate the interaction of light with matter is crucial to achieve desired optical properties including reflection, transmission, and selective polarization. Photonic materials rely upon precise control over the composition and morphology to establish periodic interactions with light on the wavelength and sub-wavelength length scales. Supramolecular assembly provides a natural solution allowing the encoding of a desired 3D architecture into the chemical building blocks and assembly conditions. The compatibility with solution processing and low-overhead manufacturing is a significant advantage over more complex approaches such as lithography or colloidal assembly. Here we review recent advances on photonic architectures derived from block copolymers and highlight the influence and complexity of processing pathways. Notable examples that have emerged from this unique synthesis platform include Bragg reflectors, antireflective coatings, and chiral metamaterials. We further predict expanded photonic capabilities and limits of these approaches in light of future developments of the field
Bose-Einstein Correlations and Sonoluminescence
Sonoluminescence may be studied in detail by intensity correlations among the
emitted photons. As an example, we discuss an experiment to measure the size of
the light-emitting region by the Hanbury Brown-Twiss effect. We show that
single bubble sonoluminescence is almost ideally suited for study by this
method and that plausible values for the physical parameters are within easy
experimental reach. A sequence of two and higher order photon correlation
experiments is outlined.Comment: Latex File, 8 pages, Postscript file with 2 figs. attache
Constitutive modeling for isotropic materials
A state-of-the-art review of applicable constitutive models with selection of two for detailed comparison with a wide range of experimental tests was conducted. The experimental matrix contained uniaxial and biaxial tensile, creep, stress relaxation, and cyclic fatigue tests at temperatures to 1093 C and strain rates from .0000001 to .001/sec. Some nonisothermal cycles will also be run. The constitutive models will be incorporated into the MARC finite element structural analysis program with a demonstration computation made for advanced turbine blade configuration. In the code development work, particular emphasis is being placed on developing efficient integration algorithms for the highly nonlinear and stiff constitutive equations. Another area of emphasis is the appropriate and efficient methodology for determing constitutive constants from a minimum extent of experimental data
CO oxidation on a single Pd atom supported on magnesia
The oxidation of CO on single Pd atoms anchored to MgO(100) surface oxygen
vacancies is studied with temperature-programmed-reaction mass-spectrometry and
infrared spectroscopy. In one-heating-cycle experiments CO, formed from
O and CO preadsorbed at 90 K, is detected at 260 K and 500 K. Ab-initio
simulations suggest two reaction routes, with Pd(CO)O and Pd(CO)CO
found as precursors for the low and high temperature channels, respectively.
Both reactions result in annealing of the vacancy and induce migration and
coalescence of the remaining Pd-CO to form larger clusters.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures, scheduled for publication in PRL 18 June 200
Haematological Response of Clarias Gariepinus to Rubber Processing Effluent
Industrialization has led to huge waste generation over the last decades, the absence of
adequate facilities for treating such wastes in most developing nations has led to the
discharge of effluents into the environment without proper treatment. Toxicological effects
of effluents from rubber processing plant (collected during the period of low rivertide i.e.
between October 2012 and February 2013) were carried out in this study. Lethal
concentration (96-h LC50) was evaluated using 0.25mg/L, 0.30mg/L, 0.35mg/L and
0.40mg/L while sub-lethal effects (42 days) was carried out on haematological parameters
like Red Blood Cell (RBC), White Blood Cell (WBC), Haemoglobin (Hb), Packed Cell
Volume (PCV), Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV), Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin (MCH)
and Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin Concentration (MCHC) using 0.064mg/L, 0.048mg/L,
0.032mg/L and 0.016mg/L which are the 20%, 15%, 10% and 5% of the 96-h LC50 value.
Mortality increased as the concentrations of the effluent increases and 0.32mg/L was
obtained as LC50. In comparison with the control, the mean value obtained for PCV, HB
and RBC showed significant differences (P<0.05) most especially at highest concentration
while there was no significant difference in all values obtained for WBC, MCV, MCH and
MCHC. It was concluded that the rubber processing effluent had some negative effect on
the haematology of Clarias gariepinus. Therefore, it is recommended that the effluent
should be properly treated before discharge into the environme
Mollusk species at a Pliocene shelf whale fall (Orciano Pisano, Tuscany)
The recovery of an intact, 10 m long fossil baleen whale from the Pliocene of Tuscany (Italy) offers the first opportunity to study the paleoecology of a fully developed, natural whale-fall community at outer shelf depth. Quantitative data on mollusk species from the whale fall have been compared with data from the sediments below and around the bones, representing the fauna living in the muddy bottom before and during the sinking of the carcass, but at a distance from it. Although the bulk of the fauna associated with the fossil bones is dominated by the same heterotrophs as found in the surrounding community, whale-fall samples are distinguishable primarily by the presence of chemosymbiotic bivalves and a greater species richness of carnivores and parasites. Large lucinid clams (Megaxinus incrassatus) and very rare small mussels (Idas sp.) testify to the occurrence of a sulphophilic stage, but specialized, chemosymbiotic vesicomyid clams common at deep-sea whale falls are absent. The whale-fall community is at the threshold between the nutrient-poor deep sea and the shallow-water shelf, where communities are shaped around photosynthetic trophic pathways and chemosymbiotic specialists are excluded by competition. © SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology)
Measuring electron energy distribution by current fluctuations
A recent concept of local noise sensor is extended to measure the energy
resolved electronic energy distribution at a given location
inside a non-equilibrium normal metal interconnect. A quantitative analysis of
is complicated because of a nonlinear differential resistance
of the noise sensor, represented by a diffusive InAs nanowire. Nevertheless, by
comparing the non-equilibrium results with reference equilibrium measurements,
we conclude that is indistinguishable from the Fermi
distribution
Phase behavior and material properties of hollow nanoparticles
Effective pair potentials for hollow nanoparticles like the ones made from
carbon (fullerenes) or metal dichalcogenides (inorganic fullerenes) consist of
a hard core repulsion and a deep, but short-ranged, van der Waals attraction.
We investigate them for single- and multi-walled nanoparticles and show that in
both cases, in the limit of large radii the interaction range scales inversely
with the radius, , while the well depth scales linearly with . We predict
the values of the radius and the wall thickness at which the gas-liquid
coexistence disappears from the phase diagram. We also discuss unusual material
properties of the solid, which include a large heat of sublimation and a small
surface energy.Comment: Revtex, 13 pages with 8 Postscript files included, submitted to Phys.
Rev.
Interplex modulation and a suppressed-carrier tracking loop for coherent communications systems
Simple addition to hardware and new mode of operation of transmitter and receiver in coherent, PCM/PSK/PM configuration greatly improves channel efficiency. Procedure reduces amount of power lost to intermodulation products
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