Comparación de isómeros geométricos de ácidos grasos insaturados en aceites refinados comerciales seleccionados

Four different commercially refined vegetable oils were analyzed by capillary gas-liquid chromatography for their trans fatty acid contents. The results obtained showed that the total trans FA contents in refined sunflower, corn, soybean, and hazelnut oils were 0.68 ± 0.41, 0.51 ± 0.24, 1.27 ± 0.57, and 0.26 ± 0.07% of total FA, respectively. The total trans FA comprised isomers of the C18:1, C18:2 and C18:3 FA. Meanwhile, five brands of the refined sunflower oil and two brands of hazelnut oil contained no measurable amounts of total trans C18:3 acids. The total trans C18:2 acid was the predominant trans FA found in the refined sunflower and corn oils, while trans polyunsaturated FAs for the refined soybean oils were found at high levels. However, total trans C18:1 acid was the major trans FA for refined hazelnut oils. The commercially refined vegetable oils with a relatively high total polyunsaturated FA contained considerable amounts of trans polyunsaturated isomers. This study indicates that it is necessary to optimize industrial deodorization, especially the time and temperature, for each different FA composition of oil used.Cuatro aceites vegetales refinados comerciales diferentes fueron analizados por cromatografía de gases para determinar el contenido en ácidos grasos trans. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron que el contenido total de los FA trans de aceites refinados de girasol, maíz, soja y avellana fueron 0.68 ± 0.41, 0.51 ± 0.24, 1.27 ± 0.57, y 0.26 ± 0.07% de FA totales, respetivamente. Los ácidos grasos totales trans comprenden a isómeros de FA C18:1, C18:2 y C18:3. Cinco marcas de aceites de girasol refinado y dos marcas de aceite de avellana contenían cantidades no medibles de ácidos trans C18:3 totales. Los ácidos C18:2 trans totales fueron los FA trans predominantes en el aceite de girasol y maíz refinado, mientras los FA poliinsaturados trans fueron encontrados a niveles altos en el aceite de soja refinado. Sin embargo, los ácidos trans C18:1 totales fueron los principales FA trans en el aceite de avellana refinado. Los aceites vegetales refinados comerciales con un contenido relativamente alto de FA poliinsaturado total contenían cantidades considerable de isómeros poliinsaturados trans. Este estudio indica que es necesario optimizar la industria de desodorización, especialmente el tiempo y la temperatura, para cada composición diferente de FA del aceite usado

Efectos del secado al aire y solar sobre la calidad nutricional del aceite, las semillas y pieles de las uvas Muscat Hamburg

Grape pomace is an agro-industrial by-product from the production of must (grape juice) by pressing whole grapes. In order to evaluate the seeds and skins of the grape pomace, it must first be dried and then separated in a screen machine. The drying of pomace is an important and necessary process for the optimum separation of seeds. The main purpose of this study was to determine the optimum drying process for obtaining high-quality grape seed oil. In this research, open air and solar energy drying methods were compared in terms of water activity, total bacterial and mold-yeast count, along with the chemical and fatty acid compositions of pressed grape residues. Oleic acid and linoleic acid contents ranged from 16.56-16.96% and 71.45-71.96%, respectively. Antioxidant activities ranged from 2.33-2.80 μmol trolox/g. The results showed that the drying methods did not decrease the nutritional quality of grape residues and prevented microbial growth by decreasing water activity to below 0.60.El orujo de uva es un subproducto agroindustrial de la producción de mosto (jugo de uva) al prensar las uvas enteras. Para poder evaluar las semillas y las pieles del orujo de uva, primero debe secarse y luego separarse mediante una máquina de tamizado. El secado del orujo es un proceso importante y necesario para una separación óptima de las semillas. El objetivo principal de este estudio fue determinar el proceso de secado óptimo para obtener aceites de semillas de uva de alta calidad. En este trabajo, los métodos de secado al aire libre y la energía solar de los residuos de uva prensados se compararon en términos de actividad de agua, recuento total de bacterias y moho, así como la composición de ácidos grasos. Los contenidos de ácido oleico y linoleico variaron entre 16,56-16,96% y 71,45-71,96%, respectivamente. Las actividades antioxidantes variaron entre 2,33-2,80 μmol trolox/g. Los resultados mostraron que los métodos de secado no disminuyeron la calidad nutricional de los residuos de la uva y evitaron el crecimiento microbiano al disminuir la actividad del agua por debajo de 0,60

The First Illumina-Based De Novo Transcriptome Sequencing and Analysis of Safflower Flowers

BACKGROUND: The safflower, Carthamus tinctorius L., is a worldwide oil crop, and its flowers, which have a high flavonoid content, are an important medicinal resource against cardiovascular disease in traditional medicine. Because the safflower has a large and complex genome, the development of its genomic resources has been delayed. Second-generation Illumina sequencing is now an efficient route for generating an enormous volume of sequences that can represent a large number of genes and their expression levels. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: To investigate the genes and pathways that might control flavonoids and other secondary metabolites in the safflower, we used Illumina sequencing to perform a de novo assembly of the safflower tubular flower tissue transcriptome. We obtained a total of 4.69 Gb in clean nucleotides comprising 52,119,104 clean sequencing reads, 195,320 contigs, and 120,778 unigenes. Based on similarity searches with known proteins, we annotated 70,342 of the unigenes (about 58% of the identified unigenes) with cut-off E-values of 10(-5). In total, 21,943 of the safflower unigenes were found to have COG classifications, and BLAST2GO assigned 26,332 of the unigenes to 1,754 GO term annotations. In addition, we assigned 30,203 of the unigenes to 121 KEGG pathways. When we focused on genes identified as contributing to flavonoid biosynthesis and the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, which are important pathways that control flower and seed quality, respectively, we found that these genes were fairly well conserved in the safflower genome compared to those of other plants. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Our study provides abundant genomic data for Carthamus tinctorius L. and offers comprehensive sequence resources for studying the safflower. We believe that these transcriptome datasets will serve as an important public information platform to accelerate studies of the safflower genome, and may help us define the mechanisms of flower tissue-specific and secondary metabolism in this non-model plant

Effect of varieties on bioactive compounds, fatty acids, and mineral contents in different grape seed and oils from Bosnia and Herzegovina

This work aimed to evaluate the phytochemical properties of grape seeds and oils of autochthonous variety Blatina, regional variety Vranac and international varieties Merlot, Cabernet, and Muscat cultivated in Herzegovina province. It is estimated that total phenol contents and antioxidant activities of seed extracts ranged between 502.08 (Merlot)-693.33mgGAE/kg (Blatina) and 86.68 (Muscat)-90.76% (Cabernet), respectively. The values for 1,2-dihydroxybenzene and (+)-catechin in seed extracts changed between 42.32 (Blatina)-450.16mg/100g (Muscat) and 56.52 (Cabernet)-960.00mg/100g(Vranac), respectively. Linoleic and oleic acid contents of grape seed oils were between 61.30(Cabernet)-67.84%(Merlot) and 19.87 (Merlot)-24.53% (Blatina), respectively. gamma-Tocopherol contents of seed oils were in the range of 1.84 (Cabernet and Blatina)-2.04mg/g(Merlot). The P and K mineral contents of seeds varied from 3,731.0 (Blatina) to 4,309.3mg/kg (Muscat) and 10,033 (Cabernet) and 16,674mg/kg (Blatina), respectively. Practical applicationsIn this paper, analysis of the grape seeds and oils are presented. Following grape varieties are grown in Herzegovina are analyzed: autochthonous variety Blatina, regional variety Vranac and international varieties Merlot, Cabernet, and Muscat. They are analyzed in terms of the total content of phenol, individual phenols, antioxidant activity, and minerals of grape seed extract. Grape seed oil was also examined for the content of tocopherols and fatty acids. The main interest in oil and seed are the high content of phenol, linoleic acid, and tocopherol used in the pharmaceutical. Based on the presented results it will be possible to compare characteristics of the grape seeds and oils of autochthonous, regional and international varieties