Pengaruh Perubahan Tutupan Lahan Terhadap Kondisi Hidrologis Kawasan Daerah Aliran Sungai Talau

The affect of landcover changes on regional hydrological conditions of Talau Watershed. Deforestation and landcover changes are influenced factors on global climate changes. NTT is one province in Indonesia which has dry climate conditions and susceptible to that changes. Talau watershed is one of some watershed in NTT which has a dry area with only three wet months in a year. A hydrological model (Gen River) is used to study and estimate water balance in the watershed. Land use, rainfall, soil, DEM and drainage characteristics are the main input components of the model. Some plausible scenarios were simulated using this model. Landcover changes in this area were studied using spatial analysis. Satellite imageries were analyzed using object based techniques to produce landcover maps of 1989 to 1999. Land classification scheme categorized forest, agroforest, plantation, agriculture, grass, rice field, settlement, clear land and water body. To analyzed vegetation index, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was used as one of the variables to separate forest, tree based systems, non tree based systems and non vegetation. Besides tasseled-cap transformation was used to interpret more detailed vegetation type differences. The landcover changes pattern showed that during the ten years period forest conversion to tree based systemwas about 24 km (3%) and there was 15% increase of non-agricultural landcover, such as grass and bare land. As an input to GenRiver, the landcover classes were reclassified as forest, tree based systems, agriculture and non-agricultural systems. Conversion of 105 km non agricultural systems to tree-based resulted in the decrease of run-off from 43% to 64% and decreasing run-off from 78% to 90% as forest. Decrease of tree landcover can increase soil flow from 1% to 7% from totally rainfall. The land cover changes did not affect for soil quick flow, but it can decrease erosion and flood in wet season

A Combined GEE/Buckley-James Method for Estimating an Accelerated Failure Time Model of Multivariate Failure Times

The present paper deals with the estimation of a frailty model of multivariate failure times. The failure times are modeled by an Accelerated Failure Time Model including observed covariates and an unobservable frailty component. The frailty is assumed random and differs across elementary units, but is constant across the spells of a unit or a group. We develop an estimator (of the regression parameters) that combines the GEE approach (Liang and Zeger, 1986) with the Buckley-James estimator for censored data. This estimator is robust against violations of the correlation structure and the distributional assumptions. Some simulation studies are conducted in order to study the empirical performance of the estimator. Finally, the methods are applied to data of repeated appearances of malign ventricular arrhythmias at patients with implanted defibrillator

Building Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy through Entrepreneurship Education: Understanding the Pedagogical Designs

The learning activities, educator roles and teaching methods employed in tertiary-level entrepreneurship courses that develop entrepreneurial self-efficacy (ESE) remain unclear. This research discovers that role-transitioning between educator roles enables reflection, enabling greater self-awareness and entrepreneurial awareness, facilitated by curation of ESE sources and catalysts. Based on interviews with 77 course designers in 26 countries, the findings of this research can improve ESE development resulting in more high-efficacious graduate entrepreneurs

Parametric versus Nonparametric Treatment of Unobserved Heterogeneity in Multivariate Failure Times

Two contrary methods for the estimation of a frailty model of multivariate failure times are presented. The assumed Accelerated Failure Time Model includes censored data, observed covariates and unobserved heterogeneity. The parametric estimator maximizes the marginal likelihood whereas the method which does not require distributional assumptions combines the GEE approach (Liang and Zeger, 1986) with the Buckley-James (1979) estimator for censored data. Monte Carlo experiments are conducted to compare the methods under various conditions with regard to bias and efficiency. The ML estimator is found to be rather robust against some misspecifications and both methods seem to be interesting alternatives in uncertain circumstances which lack exact solutions. The methods are applied to data of recurrent purchase acts of yogurt brands

Cesarean Myomectomy Outcome in a Nigerian District Hospital

Background: Myomectomy is best planned and carried out when the uterus is not gravid, as this will increase the chance of a normal pregnancy with no complication attributable to the fi broid during pregnancy. However, in the developing parts of the globe, especially in Africa where uterine fi broid is most common. Although myomectomy during pregnancy is discouraged, there are situations when it becomes inevitable. Aim: The aim of the study was to analyze the outcome of 42 consecutive Cesarean myomectomy done under the supervision of a Sabbatical obstetrician and gynaecologist at a district hospital in Nigeria.Subjects and Methods: This was a prospective, descriptive study of all patients who underwent Cesarean Myomectomy between November 2011 and October 2012 in a Obio Cottage Hospital, Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Myomectomy done at the time of Cesarean section (CS). The main outcome measures were number, location, and size of the fi broids removed, intraoperative blood loss, intra and post-operative complications, need for blood transfusion, and length of hospital stay. Data was entered into SPSS Vs 16 software and analysed. T-test was used to compare means and fi shers exact test was carry out associations on non parametric data. Level of significance was set at P<0.05.Results: Four Hundred and Fourty Six womens were delivered by Cesarean section and 42 of these had Cesarean myomectomy. Between 1 and 23 uterine fi broids were removed from each patient. The biggest fi broid was 18 cm in diameter and it weighed 3.8 kg. The mean blood loss was 695.7 mls. (250-1600 mls). There were no signifi cant intra-operative complication and the mean length of hospitalization was 4.17 days (2.48). Three patients had one unit of blood transfusion while the fourth had seven. One patient had postoperative wound infection two weeks after discharge from the hospital.Conclusion: This series has added to the growing evidence of the safety of myomectomy during Cesarean section. Keywords: Blood loss, cesarean myomectomy, complications, Nigeria, port harcourt, safet

High-Power Directional Emission from Microlasers with Chaotic Resonators

High-power and highly directional semiconductor cylinder-lasers based on an optical resonator with deformed cross section are reported. In the favorable directions of the far-field, a power increase of up to three orders of magnitude over the conventional circularly symmetric lasers was obtained. A "bow-tie"-shaped resonance is responsible for the improved performance of the lasers in the higher range of deformations, in contrast to "whispering-gallery"-type modes of circular and weakly deformed lasers. This resonator design, although demonstrated here in midinfrared quantum-cascade lasers, should be applicable to any laser based on semiconductors or other high-refractive index materials.Comment: Removed minor discrepancies with published version in the text and in Fig.

Effect of intrathecal midazolam on single dose morphine-bupivacaine co-mixture for spinal analgesia in labour

Background: When spinal analgesia is used for relief of labour pain, a major challenge has been how to extend its duration without increasing the associated adverse effects. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of intra-thecal midazolam on pain relief by low dose bupivacaine and morphine mixture administered intrathecally to women in labour.Methods: 160 labouring women, aged between 18 and 40 years gave consent and enrolled for this comparative study. The women were randomly allocated into two equal groups, MBM and BM. Group MBM received intrathecal 2.0 mg midazolam, 2.5 mg bupivacaine and 150 mcg morphine. Group BM received intra-thecal 2.5 mg bupivacaine and 150 mcg morphine. An epidural bolus dose of bupivacaine 10 mg plus fentanyl 25 mcg was given whenever rescue analgesia was needed. Foeto-maternal parameters, were assessed and recorded.Results: Duration of effective spinal analgesia was significantly longer in group MBM than in group BM, p=0.0001. More participants in group BM had epidural rescue analgesia compared to group MBM, p=0.001. More participants in group MBM had adequate spinal analgesia till delivery compared to group BM, p=0.001. All the participants in both groups were able to ambulate without support after 30 minutes following the injection of spinal drugs. Nausea and vomiting occurred less commonly in group MBM than in BM, p=0.006.Conclusions: Addition of midazolam to bupivacaine-morphine co-mixture significantly prolonged the duration of spinal analgesia without affecting ambulation or causing any considerable maternal or neonatal adverse effect

Analgesic effects of caudal dexmedetomidine versus midazolam combined with bupivacaine on postoperative pain following paediatric infraumbilical surgeries

Background: There is continued search for an ideal adjuvant necessitated by the limited duration of singleshot caudal block. The study aimed to compare the analgesic effects of caudal 1.5 µg/kg dexmedetomidine versus 50 µg/kg midazolam combined with 0.20% bupivacaine in children.Methods: Following ethical approval and parental consent, 66 American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) class I or II children aged 1-6 years were randomized into three groups (A, B, and C) of 22 each. All patients had laryngeal mask airway (LMA) general anaesthesia induced with propofol and maintained with isoflurane in 100% oxygen. Group A received 1 ml/kg 0.20% bupivacaine and 1.5 µg/kg dexmedetomidine (1 ml), B received 1 ml/kg 0.20% bupivacaine plus 50 µg/kg midazolam (1 ml) while C received 1 ml/kg 0.20% bupivacaine and 0.9% normal saline (1 ml), via the caudal space. Pain was assessed using the face, leg, arm, cry, consolability (FLACC) scale. The time to first analgesic request, (TTFAR) was defined as the period from caudal injection to pain score of ≥4. Analgesic was given when FLACC score was ≥4.Results: All 66 children completed the study. The TTFAR was longest in group A (14.4±2.36), followed by group B (12.0±3.69), and shortest in group C (5.6±1.45), p=0.01, with greatest 24 hours analgesic consumption in group C, p=0.01.Conclusions: Caudal dexmedetomidine or midazolam combined with bupivacaine significantly prolonged the analgesic duration, with superiority of dexmedetomidine over midazolam group in analgesic profile

Position-orientation adaptive smoothing of diffusion weighted magnetic resonance data (POAS)

We introduce an algorithm for diffusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging data enhancement based on structural adaptive smoothing in both space and diffusion direction. The method, called POAS, does not refer to a specific model for the data, like the diffusion tensor or higher order models. It works by embedding the measurement space into a space with defined metric and group operations, in this case the Lie group of three-dimensional Euclidean motion SE(3). Subsequently, pairwise comparisons of the values of the diffusion weighted signal are used for adaptation. The position-orientation adaptive smoothing preserves the edges of the observed fine and anisotropic structures. The POAS-algorithm is designed to reduce noise directly in the diffusion weighted images and consequently also to reduce bias and variability of quantities derived from the data for specific models. We evaluate the algorithm on simulated and experimental data and demonstrate that it can be used to reduce the number of applied diffusion gradients and hence acquisition time while achieving similar quality of data, or to improve the quality of data acquired in a clinically feasible scan time setting