5 research outputs found
Urban Seismic Risk Reduction and Mitigation Strategies in Turkey
Since the early ages of humankind, safety and security has been a critical
issue against the forces of nature. However, history has always proven the
power of nature over humankind in certain regions on Earth for centuries.
Indeed, this is a never-ending war between Earth and its inhabitants, namely
us, human beings. Humankind’s organization (cities, roads, lifelines etc.) in
the nature has never been perfect within the view of environmental pollution
and excessive consumption of the resources. Particularly, the quality of civil
engineering design and practice is strongly affected from the social and
economic background of the country. The societies in rapid development
claim excessive demands in terms of housing and transportation. Such
demands may create vulnerable urban areas if the economic and social
conditions are not in balance or harmony. Thus, nature should not be blamed
as the scapegoat in the regions where disasters claim human and economic
losses. In fact, the reason for the losses is nothing else than humankind itself.
A rational question arises then about how to overcome human and economic
loss due to natural disasters. The idea of determining the most vulnerable
items in urban areas and reconstructing with the most reliable equivalents
may seem very challenging. Even though the macroeconomic implications
are very complex, reconstructing the items in densely populated areas is the
most effective mitigation action against disasters in the short term. Having
learnt lessons from the major earthquake disasters in the heart of the industry
and mostly dense urban areas, Turkish government has drawn a long strategic
road map in the risk perception and the disaster mitigation strategy for almost
all the community services and the infrastructure. The development of
awareness against disasters has become part of formal education at all ages.
The National Disaster Management system was reorganized from scratch and the capabilities improved by providing additional financial and human
resources. All school and hospital buildings in İstanbul were assessed in terms
of seismic safety. Those found inadequate were demolished and then
reconstructed. In addition, a law on urban renewal of the seismic risk areas
was enacted in 2012 allowing the licensed engineering offices to assess the
seismic risk of residential buildings at the request of the house owners. If the
assessment report is approved by the local municipality, the building is set to
demolish within 60 days following the legal notice to the property owners.
Disagreeing owners have the right to get the assessment re-evaluated by the
independent peer reviewers. In the case of demolition, the house owners are
eligible to receive 12 months of rental support from the government. During
the time period 2012 to 2019, more than 120 000 buildings were assessed and
74% of them were demolished, the majority of the latter were in İstanbul area
where a major earthquake is expected within the following decades. This
chapter is intended to explain one of the most comprehensive and challenging
disaster mitigation strategies being applied in Turkey based on experience
since the 1999 earthquakes.Published19-426T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremot
ELER Software - a New Tool for Urban Earthquake Loss Assessment
Rapid loss estimation after potentially damaging earthquakes is critical for effective emergency response and public information. A methodology and software package, Earthquake Loss Estimation Routine-ELER, for rapid estimation of earthquake shaking and losses throughout the Euro-Mediterranean region (Erdik et al., 2008a and 2010a, Hancilar et al., 2009, Sesetyan et al., 2009) was developed under the Joint Research Activity-3 (JRA3) of the EC FP6 Project entitled ¿Network of Research Infrastructures for European Seismology- NERIES (www.neries-eu.org)¿. Recently, a new version (v2.0) of ELER software has been released. The multi-level methodology developed is capable of incorporating regional variability and uncertainty stemming from ground motion predictions, fault finiteness, site modifications, inventory of physical and social elements subjected to earthquake hazard and the associated vulnerability relationships. Although primarily intended for quasi real-time estimation of earthquake shaking and losses, the routine is also equally capable of incorporating scenario based earthquake loss assessments. This paper introduces the urban earthquake loss assessment module (Level 2) of ELER software. Spectral capacity based loss assessment methodology and its vital ingredients are presented. Analysis methods of Level 2 module are applied to the selected building types for validation and verification purposes. The damage estimates are compared to the results obtained from the other studies available in the literature, i.e. SELENA v4.0 (Molina et al., 2008) and ATC-55 (Yang, 2005). A loss assessment exercise for a scenario earthquake for the city of Istanbul is conducted and physical and social losses are presented. Damage to the urban environment is compared to the results obtained from similar software, i.e. KOERILoss (KOERI, 2002) and DBELA (Crowley et al., 2004).JRC.G.5-European laboratory for structural assessmen
Near-Fault Earthquake Ground Motion and Seismic Isolation Design
Seismic isolation is one of the most reliable passive structural control techniques with adequately established standards for the earthquake protection of structures from earthquakes. However, it has been shown that the seismic isolation systems may not function the best for the near-fault ground motions, since in the proximity of a capable fault, the ground motions are significantly affected by the rupture mechanism and may generate high demands on the isolation system and the structure. In fact, several earthquake resistant design codes state that the seismically isolated structures located at near-fault sites should be designed by considering larger seismic demands than the demand on structures at far-field sites. When the fault ruptures in forward direction to the site most of the seismic energy arrives in coherent long-period ground velocity pulses. The ground-motion prediction equations (GMPEs) typically cannot account for such effects with limited distance metrics and lack adequate data at large magnitudes and near distances. For the reliable earthquake design of the isolated structure in near fault conditions that meets the performance objectives, the 3D design basis ground motion(s) need to be appropriately assessed. Measures in the design of the isolation system, such as modifications in the stiffness and damping characteristics, as well as in the limitation of vertical effects are needed. The behavior of the base-isolated buildings under near-fault (NF) ground motions with fling-step and forward-directivity characteristics are investigated with a rational assessment of design-basis near-fault ground motion, are investigated in a parametric format. The parametric study includes several variables, including the structural system flexibility; number of stories; isolation system characteristic (yield) strength, and the isolation periods related to the post-elastic stiffness. Furthermore, the effect of additional damping by viscous dampers were tested for some selected cases. Important findings observed from the parametric performance results and the overall conclusions of the study are provided.Politecnico TorinoWOS:0009635759000092-s2.0-85148693217Conference Proceedings Citation Index – ScienceProceedings PaperUluslararası işbirliği ile yapılmayan - HAYIRNisan2023YÖK - 2022-2
Rapid earthquake hazard and loss assessment for Euro-Mediterranean region
The almost-real time estimation of ground shaking and losses after a major earthquake in the Euro-Mediterranean region was performed in the framework of the Joint Research Activity 3 (JRA-3) component of the EU FP6 Project entitled "Network of Research Infra-structures for European Seismology, NERIES". This project consists of finding the most likely location of the earthquake source by estimating the fault rupture parameters on the basis of rapid inversion of data from on-line regional broadband stations. It also includes an estimation of the spatial distribution of selected site-specific ground motion parameters at engineering bedrock through region-specific ground motion prediction equations (GMPEs) or physical simulation of ground motion. By using the Earthquake Loss Estimation Routine (ELER) software, the multi-level methodology developed for real time estimation of losses is capable of incorporating regional variability and sources of uncertainty stemming from GMPEs, fault finiteness, site modifications, inventory of physical and social elements subjected to earthquake hazard and the associated vulnerability relationships