Desenvolvimento de fibrilação ventricular por causa de etomidato para indução anestésica: um efeito colateral muito raro, relato de caso

ResumoJustificativa e objetivosA ocorrência de fibrilação ventricular em um paciente pode resultar em complicações inesperadas. Nosso objetivo é apresentar um caso de fibrilação ventricular que ocorreu após a indução anestésica com administração de etomidato.Relato de casoPaciente do sexo feminino, 56 anos, com pré‐diagnóstico de cálculos biliares, foi admitida na sala de cirurgia para colecistectomia laparoscópica. A anestesia foi induzida com a administração de etomidato com uma dose em bolus de 0,3mg/kg. A paciente apresentou uma grave e rápida adução dos braços logo após a indução. Taquicardia com QRS largo e frequência ventricular de 188bpm foram detectadas no monitor. O ritmo converteu‐se em fibrilação ventricular (FV) durante a preparação para a cardioversão. A paciente foi imediatamente submetida a desfibrilação. O ritmo sinusal foi obtido. Decidimos adiar a cirurgia por causa da condição de instabilidade da paciente.ConclusãoAlém dos efeitos secundários conhecidos de etomidato, taquicardia ventricular e fibrilação, embora muito raramente, também podem ser observadas. Até onde sabemos, esse é o primeiro caso na literatura de FV causado por etomidato.AbstractBackground and objectivesVentricular fibrillation occurring in a patient can result in unexpected complications. Here, our aim is to present a case of ventricular fibrillation occurring immediately after anesthesia induction with etomidate administration.Case reportA fifty‐six‐year‐old female patient with a pre‐diagnosis of gallstones was admitted to the operating room for laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The induction was performed by etomidate with a bolus dose of 0.3mg/kg. Severe and fast adduction appeared in the patient's arms immediately after induction. A tachycardia with wide QRS and ventricular rate 188beat/min was detected on the monitor. The rhythm turned to VF during the preparation of cardioversion. Immediately we performed defibrillation to the patient. Sinus rhythm was obtained. It was decided to postpone the operation due to the patient's unstable condition.ConclusionIn addition to other known side effects of etomidate, very rarely, ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation can be also seen. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case regarding etomidate causing VF in the literature

Effectiveness of sub-Tenon's block in pediatric strabismus surgery

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Strabismus surgery is a frequently performed pediatric ocular procedure. A frequently occurring major problem in patients receiving this treatment involves the oculocardiac reflex. This reflex is associated with an increased incidence of postoperative nausea, vomiting, and pain. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a sub-Tenon's block on the oculocardiac reflex, pain, and postoperative nausea and vomiting.METHODS: 40 patients aged 5-16 years with American Society of Anesthesiologists status I-II undergoing elective strabismus surgery were included in this study. Patients included were randomly assigned into two groups by using a sealed envelope method. In group 1 (n = 20), patients did not receive sub-Tenon's anesthesia. In group 2 (n = 20), following intubation, sub-Tenon's anesthesia was performed with the eye undergoing surgery. Atropine use, pain scores, oculocardiac reflex, and postoperative nausea and vomiting incidences were compared between groups.RESULTS: There were no significant differences between groups with regard to oculocardiac reflex and atropine use (p > 0.05). Pain scores 30 min post-surgery were significantly lower in group 2 than in group 1 (p < 0.05). Additional analgesic needed during the postoperative period was significantly lower in group 2 compared to group 1 (p < 0.05).CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, we think that a sub-Tenon's block, combined with general anesthesia, is not effective and reliable in decreasing oculocardiac reflex and postoperative nausea and vomiting. However, this method is safe for reducing postoperative pain and decreasing additional analgesia required in pediatric strabismus surgery

Önkol Fleksör Tendon Yaralanması Olan Gebe Hastaya Anestezik Yaklaşım

Periferik sinir blokları üst ekstremitelerin cerrahisinde kullanılan bir anestezi yöntemidir. Anestezi yönteminin seçimi ve yönetimi gebe hastalar için özelliklidir. Bu olguda, ön kolda fleksör tendon kesisi olan gebe hastada aksiler blok uygulamasını sunmayı hedefledik. On yedi yaşında 21 haftalık gebe hastaya blok öncesi sedasyon amacıyla premedikasyon uygulanmadı. Aksiller yaklaşımla nörostimulasyon tekniği kullanılarak brakial pleksus bloğu uygulandı. Kullanılan stimülasyon cihazı (Stimuplex® HNS 11-Braun, Germany) 1 mA akımda, 2 Hz frekans ve 0,1 ms hızda ayarlandı. Aksiller bölgede aksiller arter palpe edilerek 21G, 100 mm stimupleks iğne ile mediyan, radiyal, muskülakutanöz ve ulnar sinir motor yanıtları bulundu. Stimülasyon 0,3-0,5 mA akıma düşürülerek motor yanıtın azalmadan sürdüğü gözlenerek lokal anestezik ilaç uygulandı. Olguda, lokal anestezik olarak 20ml (% 0,5; 5 mg/ml) levobupivakain tercih edildi. Sonuç olarak önkol fleksör tendon kesisi olan gebe hastada levobupivakain kullanılarak yapılan aksiller brakial pleksus bloğunun etkili ve güvenilir anestezi yöntemi olduğu sonucuna varıldı.Anahtar Kelimeler: Brakial pleksus bloğu, gebelik, levobupivakai

Cost-Conscious of Anesthesia Physicians: An awareness survey

Objective: Increasing competitive pressure and health performance system in the hospitals result in pressure to reduce the resources allocated. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anesthesiology and intensive care physicians awareness of the cost of the materials used and to determine the factors that influence it

Impacto de diferentes medicamentos antiepilépticos en la sedación de niños durante la resonancia magnética

ResumenJustificación y objetivosLa inducción e inhibición de las isoenzimas del citocromo P450 por los medicamentos antiepilépticos conllevan alteraciones en la depuración de medicamentos anestésicos eliminados por el metabolismo hepático. Investigamos la duración de la sedación y la necesidad adicional de anestésicos durante la resonancia magnética en niños epilépticos que reciben antiepilépticos que causan la inducción o inhibición de enzimas.MétodosCiento veinte niños, estado físico ASA I-II, con edades entre los 3 y los 10 años, fueron incluidos en el estudio. Grupo i: niños en tratamiento con antiepilépticos que causan la inducción de enzimas del citocromo P450; grupo ii: niños en tratamiento con antiepilépticos que causan la inhibición; y grupo iii: niños que no estaban bajo en tratamiento con antiepilépticos. La sedación fue inducida con midazolam (0,05mg/kg−1) y propofol (1mg/kg−1). Se administró una dosis adicional de 0,05mg/kg−1 de midazolam y una de rescate con 0,5mg/kg−1 de propofol y fueron repetidas para mantener la sedación. Se compararon la duración de la sedación y la sedación adicional necesaria.ResultadosLa duración de la dosis inicial fue significativamente menor en el grupo i en comparación con los grupos ii y iii (p=0,001; p=0,003, respectivamente) y significativamente mayor en el grupo iii en comparación con los grupos i y iii (p=0,001; p=0,029 respectivamente). La necesidad de midazolam adicional para la sedación adecuada fue mayor en el grupo i en comparación con los grupos ii y iii (p=0,010; p=0,001 respectivamente). Además, la dosis de rescate de propofol fue significativamente mayor solamente en el grupo i en comparación con el grupo iii (p=0,002).ConclusiónEn niños epilépticos, la variabilidad de la respuesta a los agentes sedativos iniciales durante la resonancia magnética resultante de la inhibición o inducción de las isoenzimas del citocromo P450 por los medicamentos antiepilépticos exigieron la titulación de agentes anestésicos.AbstractBackground and objectivesThe induction and inhibition of cytochrome P450 isoenzymes by antiepileptic drugs lead to changes in the clearance of anesthetic drugs eliminated via hepatic metabolism. We investigated the duration of the sedation and additional anesthetic needs during magnetic resonance imaging in epileptic children receiving antiepileptic drugs that cause either enzyme induction or inhibition.MethodsIn American Society of Anesthesiology I–II, 120 children aged 3–10 years were included. Group 1: children using antiepileptic drugs that cause cytochrome P450 enzyme induction; Group 2: those using antiepileptic drugs that cause inhibition; and Group 3: those that did not use antiepileptic drugs. Sedation was induced with the use of 0.05 mg kg−1 midazolam and 1 mg kg−1 propofol. An additional 0.05 mg kg−1 of midazolam and rescue propofol (0.5 mg kg−1) were administered and repeated to maintain sedation. The duration of sedation and the additional sedation needed were compared.ResultsThe duration of the initial dose was significantly shorter in Group I compared with groups II and III (p = 0.001, p = 0.003, respectively). It was significantly longer in Group II compared with groups I and III (p = 0.001, p = 0.029, respectively). The additional midazolam needed for adequate sedation was increased in Group I when compared with groups II and III (p = 0.010, p = 0.001, respectively). In addition, the rescue propofol dose was significantly higher only in Group I when compared with Group III (p = 0.002).ConclusionIn epileptic children, the response variability to the initial sedative agents during the magnetic resonance imaging procedure resulting from the inhibition or induction of the cytochrome P450 isoenzymes by the antiepileptic drugs mandated the titration of anesthetic agents

The impact of different antiepileptic drugs on the sedation of children during magnetic resonance imaging

Background and objectives: The induction and inhibition of cytochrome P450 isoenzymes by antiepileptic drugs lead to changes in the clearance of anesthetic drugs eliminated via hepatic metabolism. We investigated the duration of the sedation and additional anesthetic needs during magnetic resonance imaging in epileptic children receiving antiepileptic drugs that cause either enzyme induction or inhibition. Methods: In American Society of Anesthesiology I–II, 120 children aged 3–10 years were included. Group 1: children using antiepileptic drugs that cause cytochrome P450 enzyme induction; Group 2: those using antiepileptic drugs that cause inhibition; and Group 3: those that did not use antiepileptic drugs. Sedation was induced with the use of 0.05 mg kg−1 midazolam and 1 mg kg−1 propofol. An additional 0.05 mg kg−1 of midazolam and rescue propofol (0.5 mg kg−1) were administered and repeated to maintain sedation. The duration of sedation and the additional sedation needed were compared. Results: The duration of the initial dose was significantly shorter in Group I compared with groups II and III (p = 0.001, p = 0.003, respectively). It was significantly longer in Group II compared with groups I and III (p = 0.001, p = 0.029, respectively). The additional midazolam needed for adequate sedation was increased in Group I when compared with groups II and III (p = 0.010, p = 0.001, respectively). In addition, the rescue propofol dose was significantly higher only in Group I when compared with Group III (p = 0.002). Conclusion: In epileptic children, the response variability to the initial sedative agents during the magnetic resonance imaging procedure resulting from the inhibition or induction of the cytochrome P450 isoenzymes by the antiepileptic drugs mandated the titration of anesthetic agents. Resumo: Justificativa e objetivos: A indução e a inibição das isoenzimas do citocromo P450 pelos medicamentos antiepilépticos levam a alterações na depuração de medicamentos anestésicos eliminados pelo metabolismo hepático. Investigamos a duração da sedação e a necessidade adicional de anestésicos durante a ressonância magnética em crianças epilépticas que receberam antiepilépticos que causam a indução ou a inibição de enzimas. Métodos: Foram incluídas no estudo 120 crianças, estado físico ASA I-II, entre 3-10 anos. Grupo 1: em uso de antiepilépticos que causam a indução de enzimas do citocromo P450; Grupo 2: em uso de antiepilépticos que causam a inibição de enzimas do citocromo P450; e Grupo 3: que não usavam antiepilépticos. A sedação foi induzida com midazolam (0,05 mg kg−1) e propofol (1 mg kg−1). Um adicional de 0,05 mg kg−1 de midazolam e resgate com 0,5 mg kg−1 de propofol foram administrados e repetidos para manter a sedação. A duração da sedação e a sedação adicional necessária foram comparadas. Resultados: A duração da dose inicial foi significativamente menor no Grupo I em comparação com os grupos II e III (p = 0,001, p = 0,003, respectivamente) e significativamente maior no Grupo II em comparação com os grupos I e III (p = 0,001, p = 0,029, respectivamente). A necessidade de midazolam adicional para sedação adequada foi maior no Grupo I em comparação com os grupos II e III (p = 0,010, p = 0,001, respectivamente). Além disso, a dose de resgate de propofol foi significativamente maior apenas no Grupo I em comparação com o Grupo III (p = 0,002). Conclusão: Em crianças epilépticas, a variabilidade da resposta aos agentes sedativos iniciais durante a ressonância magnética, resultante da inibição ou indução das isoenzimas do citocromo P450 pelos medicamentos antiepiléticos, exigiu a titulação dos agentes anestésicos. Keywords: Epilepsy, Pediatric, Antiepileptics, Sedation, MRI, Palavras-chave: Epilepsia, Pediátrica, Antiepilépticos, Sedação, R

Impacto de diferentes medicamentos antiepilépticos na sedação de crianças durante a ressonância magnética

ResumoJustificativa e objetivosA indução e a inibição das isoenzimas do citocromo P450 pelos medicamentos antiepilépticos levam a alterações na depuração de medicamentos anestésicos eliminados pelo metabolismo hepático. Investigamos a duração da sedação e a necessidade adicional de anestésicos durante a ressonância magnética em crianças epilépticas que receberam antiepilépticos que causam a indução ou a inibição de enzimas.MétodosForam incluídas no estudo 120 crianças, estado físico ASA I‐II, entre 3‐10 anos. Grupo 1: em uso de antiepilépticos que causam a indução de enzimas do citocromo P450; Grupo 2: em uso de antiepilépticos que causam a inibição de enzimas do citocromo P450; e Grupo 3: que não usavam antiepilépticos. A sedação foi induzida com midazolam (0,05mgkg−1) e propofol (1mgkg−1). Um adicional de 0,05mgkg−1 de midazolam e resgate com 0,5mgkg−1 de propofol foram administrados e repetidos para manter a sedação. A duração da sedação e a sedação adicional necessária foram comparadas.ResultadosA duração da dose inicial foi significativamente menor no Grupo I em comparação com os grupos II e III (p=0,001, p=0,003, respectivamente) e significativamente maior no Grupo II em comparação com os grupos I e III (p=0,001, p=0,029, respectivamente). A necessidade de midazolam adicional para sedação adequada foi maior no Grupo I em comparação com os grupos II e III (p=0,010, p=0,001, respectivamente). Além disso, a dose de resgate de propofol foi significativamente maior apenas no Grupo I em comparação com o Grupo III (p=0,002).ConclusãoEm crianças epilépticas, a variabilidade da resposta aos agentes sedativos iniciais durante a ressonância magnética, resultante da inibição ou indução das isoenzimas do citocromo P450 pelos medicamentos antiepiléticos, exigiu a titulação dos agentes anestésicos.AbstractBackground and objectivesThe induction and inhibition of cytochrome P450 isoenzymes by antiepileptic drugs lead to changes in the clearance of anesthetic drugs eliminated via hepatic metabolism. We investigated the duration of the sedation and additional anesthetic needs during magnetic resonance imaging in epileptic children receiving antiepileptic drugs that cause either enzyme induction or inhibition.MethodsIn American Society of Anesthesiology I–II, 120 children aged 3–10 years were included. Group 1: children using antiepileptic drugs that cause cytochrome P450 enzyme induction; Group 2: those using antiepileptic drugs that cause inhibition; and Group 3: those that did not use antiepileptic drugs. Sedation was induced with the use of 0.05 mg kg−1 midazolam and 1 mg kg−1 propofol. An additional 0.05 mg kg−1 of midazolam and rescue propofol (0.5 mg kg−1) were administered and repeated to maintain sedation. The duration of sedation and the additional sedation needed were compared.ResultsThe duration of the initial dose was significantly shorter in Group I compared with groups II and III (p = 0.001, p = 0.003, respectively). It was significantly longer in Group II compared with groups I and III (p = 0.001, p = 0.029, respectively). The additional midazolam needed for adequate sedation was increased in Group I when compared with groups II and III (p = 0.010, p = 0.001, respectively). In addition, the rescue propofol dose was significantly higher only in Group I when compared with Group III (p = 0.002).ConclusionIn epileptic children, the response variability to the initial sedative agents during the magnetic resonance imaging procedure resulting from the inhibition or induction of the cytochrome P450 isoenzymes by the antiepileptic drugs mandated the titration of anesthetic agents

The development of ventricular fibrillation due to etomidate for anesthetic induction: a very rare side effect, case report

Background and objectives: Ventricular fibrillation occurring in a patient can result in unexpected complications. Here, our aim is to present a case of ventricular fibrillation occurring immediately after anesthesia induction with etomidate administration. Case report: A fifty-six-year-old female patient with a pre-diagnosis of gallstones was admitted to the operating room for laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The induction was performed by etomidate with a bolus dose of 0.3 mg/kg. Severe and fast adduction appeared in the patient's arms immediately after induction. A tachycardia with wide QRS and ventricular rate 188 beat/min was detected on the monitor. The rhythm turned to VF during the preparation of cardioversion. Immediately we performed defibrillation to the patient. Sinus rhythm was obtained. It was decided to postpone the operation due to the patient's unstable condition. Conclusion: In addition to other known side effects of etomidate, very rarely, ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation can be also seen. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case regarding etomidate causing VF in the literature

Assessment of the perioperative period in civilians injured in the Syrian Civil War

BACKGROUND: wars and its challenges have historically afflicted humanity. In Syria, severe injuries occurred due to firearms and explosives used in the war between government forces and civilians for a period of over 2 years. MATERIALS AND METHODS: the study included 364 cases, who were admitted to Mustafa Kemal University Hospital, Medicine School (Hatay, Turkey), and underwent surgery. Survivors and non-survivors were compared regarding injury site, injury type and number of transfusions given. The mortality rate found in this study was also compared to those reported in other civil wars. RESULTS: the mean age was 29 (3-68) years. Major sites of injury included extremities (56.0%), head (20.1%), abdomen (16.2%), vascular structures (4.4%) and thorax (3.3%). Injury types included firearm injury (64.4%), blast injury (34.4%) and miscellaneous injuries (1.2%). Survival rate was 89.6% while mortality rate was 10.4%. A significant difference was observed between mortality rates in this study and those reported for the Bosnia and Lebanon civil wars; and the difference became extremely prominent when compared to mortality rates reported for Vietnam and Afghanistan civil wars. CONCLUSION: among injuries related to war, the highest rate of mortality was observed in head-neck, abdomen and vascular injuries. We believe that the higher mortality rate in the Syrian Civil War, compared to the Bosnia, Vietnam, Lebanon and Afghanistan wars, is due to seeing civilians as a direct target during war