Polynomial manipulator AP-168

Linear Systems Design Evaluation Program, AP-168 combines the many different analysis techniques used to evaluate and manipulate polynomials. The single program is a pseudo instruction abstraction. It allows the user to enter polynomials of the laplace operators and to manipulate them freely

The Improbability of Positivism

Ronald Dworkin’s contributions to legal philosophy have been subject to severe criticism in recent years. Other legal philosophers call his arguments “deflected or discredited,” laced with “philosophical confusions,” and “deeply embedded” mistakes. As Brian Leiter writes, “[t]he only good news in the story about Dworkin’s impact on law and philosophy is that most of the field declined to follow the Dworkinian path . . . .” This Article endeavors to show that, far from an effort beset with primitive errors, Dworkin’s challenge to legal positivism in the opening pages of his seminal work was neither misguided nor trivial. Rather, Dworkin’s challenge remains as important and thought-provoking today as it was when he first set it down. His challenge, though straightforward, has never been satisfactorily answered. Rather than grapple with Dworkin’s argument, legal philosophers have either misunderstood or trivialized his insights in the decades since. But there is a reason H.L.A. Hart, one of Dworkin’s examiners at Oxford, saved his jurisprudence examination before ever having reason to believe that Dworkin would become the primary opponent to legal positivism. Hart’s challenge—the argument from theoretical disagreement—still burns bright nearly a quarter-century on. Furthermore, this Article seeks to explain why legal positivism’s inability to preserve the face value of theoretical disagreement makes it improbable that legal positivism offers an adequate descriptive account of the nature of law. It also endeavors to outline why this deficiency is so immensely important. To accept the legitimacy of theoretical disagreement is accept that to know what the law is one must know something about the moral and political culture in which that law resides

Avoiding Apostrophe Errors (not Error’s)

https://openworks.mdanderson.org/word2022/1003/thumbnail.jp

Lignotselluloosse biomassi biokeemilist koostist mõjutavad tegurid ning biokeemilise koostise mõju eeltöötlusmeetodi valikule ja bioetanooli tootlikkusele

European Union has set a target of reaching 20% share of renewable energy in the overall energy production for the year 2020. This also includes that 10% of fuel used in transportation sector has to be produced from renewable resources. From different liquid biofuels, production of lignocellulosic bioethanol is emerging as a preferred option for transportation sector. In order to avoid the conflict between food versus fuel for lignocellulosic bioethanol production from available raw materials in Estonia, attention has to be turned towards utilization of agricultural residues, currently out of use agricultural land and to the utilization of biomass from semi-natural grasslands. This doctoral thesis focused on the investigation of the most suitable herbaceous biomass types and pretreatment methods for the utilization of lignocellulosic material for second generation bioethanol production in order to help to reach the target of 10% share of biofuels in transportation sector by 2020. By taking into account the ethanol yield, biomass yield and biomass availability, we can consider that the most suitable crops for bioethanol production in Estonia are Amur silver grass, hemp, wheat straw and floodplain meadow hay. In order to reach higher bioethanol production efficiencies at temperatures under 190°C, a new pretreatment method: “Nitrogen explosion pretreatment method for disruption of cellular structure of biomass” was developed in this work. N2 explosion pretreatment should be used in situations where moderate pretreatment conditions (130–190°C) are needed due to material or technological restrictions. If available biomass of wheat straw and floodplain meadow hay together with biomass of Amur silver grass and industrial hemp produced from unused agricultural lands would be used to produce bioethanol, it would make an annual bioethanol production of 149 100 tons (105 800 toe), which could replace 39.7% of gasoline consumption or up to 11.3% of overall liquid fuel consumption in Estonian transportation sector.Euroopa Liit on seadnud eesmärgiks saavutada aastaks 2020 energiatootmises vähemalt 20%-ne taastuvenergia osakaal. Sealhulgas peab vähemalt 10% transpordisektoris kasutatud kütustest olema toodetud taastuvatest ressurssidest. Hoidmaks ära konflikti toidu- ja kütusetootmise vahel, tuleks kütusena kasutatava bioetanooli tootmiseks kasutada ainult põllumajanduses tekkivaid kõrvalsaadusi ja jäätmeid, poollooduslikelt rohumaadelt kogutud biomassi ning energiakultuure, mille kasvatamiseks võetakse kasutusse hetkel kasutusest väljas olevaid põllumaid. Töös uuriti Eesti klimaatilistes oludes kasvavate energiakultuuride ja poollooduslike rohumaade taimekoosluste potentsiaali bioetanooli tootmiseks, et kaasa aidata Eesti taastuvenergia eesmärkide täitmisele. Tulemustest selgus, et analüüsitud energiakultuuridest on suurima bioetanooli tootlikkusega nisupõhk, kiukanep, Amuuri siidpööris ja poollooduslikelt rohumaadelt kogutud biomass. Suurema bioetanooli tootlikkuse saavutamiseks eeltöötlemise temperatuuridel alla 190°C arendati doktoritöö käigus välja uudne biomassi eeltöötlusmeetod: „Lämmastiklõhkamismeetod biomassi rakustruktuuri lõhkumiseks“ (patenditaotlus P201400050), mis sobib kasutamiseks olukordades, kus materjali või tehnoloogiliste piirangute tõttu ei saa biomassi töötlemiseks kasutada kõrgeid temperatuure. Kui saadaolev nisupõhk ja poollooduslike rohumaade biomass rakendada bioetanooli tootmiseks ning lisaks võtta kasutusse osa aktiivsest kasutusest väljasolevatest põllumajandusmaadest Amuuri siidpöörise ja tööstusliku kanepi kasvatamiseks, siis vastavalt katsetulemustele oleks Eestis võimalik toota aastas ligikaudu 149 100 tonni bioetanooli (105 800 toe), mis võiks asendada 39.7% bensiini tarbimisest või kuni 11.3% üleüldisest vedelkütuste tarbimisest Eesti transpordisektoris

-ic or -ical: When Suffixes Are Problematic (Problematical?)

https://openworks.mdanderson.org/word2021/1002/thumbnail.jp

Legal Agreement

This Article grapples with the question of what it means to agree about what the law is. First, it shows that the question of what it means to “agree about the law” invites us to consider many different kinds of agreement and disagreement we might have about what the law is. Second, it shows that without selecting one of these kinds of agreement, we cannot speak intelligibly about whether we agree or disagree. Third, it explains that this failure to choose is a source of much confusion and apparent disagreement between competing philosophers and philosophies of law. Fourth, it argues that the presence or absence of at least certain kinds of agreement cannot tell us whether we should prefer Legal Positivism or other theories of law. Finally, it concludes that the pervasive reliance among Positivists on a generalized notion that there exists “massive agreement” about the law should be regarded skeptically

Should You Have Used “Would Have” or “Would Of”?

https://openworks.mdanderson.org/word2022/1017/thumbnail.jp