The identification of adoptives in Matengo, with special reference to adoptives from intra-Bantu sources.

This study is concerned with the process of linguistic adoption, in particular the setting up of techniques that can be used to identify adopted material (adoptives) within Bantu languages and especially adoptives that result from the mutual interpenetration of Bantu languages. A model of identification has been set up principally by applying Guthrie's comparative techniques and results to Matengo (N13), a Bantu language spoken in Southern Tanzania. After a background description to the languages involved here and a brief treatment of some of the theories generally held on Lexical Borrowing, in which Swahili loans of non-Bantu provenance have mostly been employed, regular and irregular (skewed) reflexes of Common Bantu 'starred' forms in Matengo have been abstracted, and the skewed reflexes examined to determine whether or not the forms involved are loan suspects. When the irregular reflexes contain extraneous phonological features, whether segmental (Chapter 3) or tonal (Chapter 5), and especially if a possible source language for the skewing or extraneousness can be found, then our suspicion regarding loaning is strengthened. The languages employed in this study as examples of those from which Matengo might have adopted part of its Bantu material are Manda (N11) and Ngoni (N12), close linguistic associates of Matengo, and Standard Swahili (here distinguished from Ki-Unguja - G42d) which has had significant contact with Matengo. The identification methodology developed in this study has also been tested on material unrelated to Common Bantu (Chapter 4) and some putative adoptives of intra-Bantu source have been detected in such material. In this connection, only the segmental features have been taken into account, since the tonal typologies of Common Eastern Nyasa (*EN) have not been worked out

Natural resources management and food security in Sub- Saharan Africa: The need for improved linkages

Journal of Continuing Education and Extension, 2005; 2(1):76-89This paper addresses issues of management of natural resources and food security with particular emphasis on land resources. It is argued that technological packages alone cannot result into meaningfUl increase in agricultural productivity. There is a need to strengthen linkages among researchers, farmers and extension service in order to bring about effective dissemination of the intended technologies. Concerted efforts are needed on the part of the many actors influencing management and use of land resources. One of the challenges is to reduce the barriers facing agricultural development, which often arise from inadequate policy and coordination among key actors. National and grass root strategies are needed to provide a common framework and plan for sustainable use of land resources by pulling together efforts of various actors

Natural resources management and food security in Sub- Saharan Africa: The need for improved linkages

Journal of Continuing Education and Extension, 2005; 2(1):76-89This paper addresses issues of management of natural resources and food security with particular emphasis on land resources. It is argued that technological packages alone cannot result into meaningfUl increase in agricultural productivity. There is a need to strengthen linkages among researchers, farmers and extension service in order to bring about effective dissemination of the intended technologies. Concerted efforts are needed on the part of the many actors influencing management and use of land resources. One of the challenges is to reduce the barriers facing agricultural development, which often arise from inadequate policy and coordination among key actors. National and grass root strategies are needed to provide a common framework and plan for sustainable use of land resources by pulling together efforts of various actors

Constraints Associated With Production In Smallholder Dairy Farms In The Eastern Coastal Zone Of Tanzania

A study involving 105 smallholder dairy farmers was conducted in Kibaha and Morogoro districts, Tanzania to characterise husbandry practices, milk production constraints; and farmers\' knowledge on milk-borne zoonoses. About 50% of the farmers in Kibaha (n=57) and 60% in Morogoro (n=48) were employed in formal public and private sectors, and hired labour while only 16.5% depended entirely on dairy farming. The average milk production was 5.9 litres/cow/day. Seventy-two percent of the farmers in Kibaha and 83.3% in Morogoro practised stall-feeding while others either tethered or herded the animals. Dairy production constraints included animal diseases; shortage of feeds, water and markets for milk; lack of animal breeding services and shortage of capital. The major cattle diseases were trypanosomosis, East Coast fever, anaplasmosis and mastitis. Only 14% of the farmers were aware of subclinical mastitis, and 67% of them were aware of milk-borne zoonoses especially tuberculosis while only 10% farmers knew about brucellosis.On a mené une étude portant sur 105 petites exploitations laitières dans les districts de Kibaha et Morogoro en Tanzanie, en vue de déterminer les modes d\'élevage, la production laitière, les obstacles rencontrés et la connaissance des éleveurs sur les zoonoses d\'origine laitière. Environ 50% des éleveurs à Kibaha (n = 57) et 60% à Morogoro (n = 48) étaient employés dans les secteurs public et privé ; seuls 16,5% dépendaient entièrement de l\'élevage laitier. La production moyenne de lait était de 5,9 litres/vache/jour. 72% des éleveurs à Kibaha et 83,3% à Morogoro avaient recours à l\'alimentation à l\'étable, tandis que les autres attachaient leur bétail au piquet ou gardaient leurs animaux. Les entraves à la production laitière étaient les suivantes : les maladies animales, la pénurie d\'aliments et d\'eau, l\'absence de marchés pour écouler le lait, l\'absence de services de reproduction et le manque de capital. Les principales maladies bovines étaient : la trypanosomose, la fièvre de la côte-Est, l\'anaplasmose et la mammite. Seuls 14% des éleveurs connaissaient la mammite infraclinique, parmi lesquels 67% étaient au courant des zoonoses d\'origine laitière, notamment la tuberculose, et 10% connaissaient la brucellose.Bulletin of Animal Health and Production in Africa Vol. 54 (4) 2006: pp. 286-29

Prevalence and determinants of Mastitis and Milk-borne Zoonoses in smallholder dairy farming sector in Kibaha and Morogoro districts in eastern Tanzania

Journal of Veterinary Medicine B 2004, Vol 51: 123–128A study was carried out to establish the prevalence and determinants of mastitis and milk-borne zoonoses in smallholder dairy farms in Kibaha and Morogoro districts (Tanzania). A total of 57 herds comprising 114 milking cows in Kibaha and 48 herds consisting of 96 milking animals in Morogoro were included in the study. A questionnaire survey was used to assess the socio-economic determinants of mastitis, whereas California mastitis test (CMT) and microbiological assessment of milk was carried out to establish the status of mastitis and responsible aetiological agents. Seroconversion for brucellosis was evaluated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Animals were also tuberculin-tested using a single comparative intradermal method and milk samples were cultured for isolation of Mycobacterium species. Based on CMT, the cow-based prevalence of subclinical mastitis was 82.4% in Kibaha and 62.4% in Morogoro. Of the 919-quarter milk samples cultured, 8.2% were positive for aerobic bacteria with predominant isolates being Staphylococcus epidermidis (2.8%), Staph. aureus (1.7%), Streptococcus agalactiae (1.2%) and Staph. intermedius (1.1%). There was a strong association between CMT positivity and bacteriological isolation [relative risk (RR) ¼ 2.60; P ¼ 0.02]. Fungal growth was observed in 21.8% (n ¼ 881) of the samples and the isolates were yeast (19.2%), Mucor (2.5%) and Aspergillus (0.1%). Bucket feeding of calves was associated with increased risk of a quarter being CMT positive (RR ¼ 1.24; P ¼ 0.000), while residual calf suckling was associated with decreased risk of positivity (RR ¼ 0.86; P ¼ 0.015). Earth floor was associated with increased risk of CMT positivity at quarter level (RR ¼ 1.13; P ¼ 0.041) and Jersey breed was identified as a risk factor to mastitis. The prevalence of bovine tuberculosis was 0.4% (n ¼ 259) and 1.7% (n ¼ 181) in Kibaha and Morogoro, respectively. Similarly, the prevalence of brucellosis was 1% (n ¼ 208) in Kibaha and 1.9% (n ¼ 104) in Morogoro. Findings from this study have demonstrated a high prevalence of subclinical mastitis and existence of health risks to milk consumers despite the low prevalence of tuberculosis and brucellosis in the study herds

Prevalence and determinants of Mastitis and Milk-borne Zoonoses in smallholder dairy farming sector in Kibaha and Morogoro districts in eastern Tanzania

Journal of Veterinary Medicine B 2004, Vol 51: 123–128A study was carried out to establish the prevalence and determinants of mastitis and milk-borne zoonoses in smallholder dairy farms in Kibaha and Morogoro districts (Tanzania). A total of 57 herds comprising 114 milking cows in Kibaha and 48 herds consisting of 96 milking animals in Morogoro were included in the study. A questionnaire survey was used to assess the socio-economic determinants of mastitis, whereas California mastitis test (CMT) and microbiological assessment of milk was carried out to establish the status of mastitis and responsible aetiological agents. Seroconversion for brucellosis was evaluated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Animals were also tuberculin-tested using a single comparative intradermal method and milk samples were cultured for isolation of Mycobacterium species. Based on CMT, the cow-based prevalence of subclinical mastitis was 82.4% in Kibaha and 62.4% in Morogoro. Of the 919-quarter milk samples cultured, 8.2% were positive for aerobic bacteria with predominant isolates being Staphylococcus epidermidis (2.8%), Staph. aureus (1.7%), Streptococcus agalactiae (1.2%) and Staph. intermedius (1.1%). There was a strong association between CMT positivity and bacteriological isolation [relative risk (RR) ¼ 2.60; P ¼ 0.02]. Fungal growth was observed in 21.8% (n ¼ 881) of the samples and the isolates were yeast (19.2%), Mucor (2.5%) and Aspergillus (0.1%). Bucket feeding of calves was associated with increased risk of a quarter being CMT positive (RR ¼ 1.24; P ¼ 0.000), while residual calf suckling was associated with decreased risk of positivity (RR ¼ 0.86; P ¼ 0.015). Earth floor was associated with increased risk of CMT positivity at quarter level (RR ¼ 1.13; P ¼ 0.041) and Jersey breed was identified as a risk factor to mastitis. The prevalence of bovine tuberculosis was 0.4% (n ¼ 259) and 1.7% (n ¼ 181) in Kibaha and Morogoro, respectively. Similarly, the prevalence of brucellosis was 1% (n ¼ 208) in Kibaha and 1.9% (n ¼ 104) in Morogoro. Findings from this study have demonstrated a high prevalence of subclinical mastitis and existence of health risks to milk consumers despite the low prevalence of tuberculosis and brucellosis in the study herds