17 research outputs found
Promoting Patent Practitioner Diversity: Expanding Non-JD Pathways and Removing Barriers
The patent field suffers from a reciprocal problem: the cost of becoming a Registered Patent Attorney is high, and the diversity of the patent bar is low. The high cost of law school tuition (over $50,000 per year at some schools) prices out individuals from less privileged backgrounds, thereby decreasing the number of diverse candidates who could become Registered Patent Attorneys. The relatively low number of students with science, technology, or engineering (STE) degrees also restricts the number of diverse candidates who could become Registered Patent Attorneys. These factors contribute to a lack of diversity in the patent bar, reflecting poorly on the profession. An estimated 30 percent of registered patent practitioners are women, and an even lower percentage are racial minorities. The United States is currently at a critical juncture in the fight against systemic racism. It is incumbent upon the patent ecosystem to increase racial and gender equity in the profession because it is simply the right thing to do. This Article recommends increasing the diversity of patent practitioners by: (1) expanding avenues for individuals who aspire to become patent practitioners but want to avoid the burdensome time and financial commitments of a traditional Juris Doctorate (JD) program which artificially raises the costs of patent legal services, and (2) removing systemic barriers these individuals face at the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO). These actions should increase diversity in the patent profession. They should also provide an economic benefit by (i) increasing innovators’ access to representation by patent practitioners and (ii) decreasing innovators’ cost of patent protection through representation by lower-cost Registered Patent Agents
Chlorine and Chlorine Compounds in the Paper Industry
1 p. Review produced for HC 441: Science Colloquium: Willamette River Environmental Health, Robert D. Clark Honors College, University of Oregon , Spring term, 2004
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The Use of FDA Approved Pet and Human Insulins in Cats and Dogs: A Cost-Minimization Analysis
Class of 2021 Abstract, Report and PosterSpecific Aims: The primary aim of this study compared costs of insulins approved for human use to those approved for cats and/or dogs. The secondary aims compared costs of products used for insulin administration and the costs of each item among the selected pharmacies.
Subjects: Insulins and equipment recommended in the 2018 American Animal Hospital Association (AAHA) diabetes management guidelines for dogs and cats. Pharmacies that were compared included online veterinary pharmacies (P), chain pharmacies (C), and a local independent pharmacy and veterinary clinic’s online store (L).
Methods: Data collection included collecting costs over the phone, in-person, or online of available human and pet insulins, administration supplies (syringes, needles, etc.), and miscellaneous items.
Main Results: The costs were gathered from eleven pharmacies including: four pet only, five chains, and two local (product availability mean[SD] = 61.25%[38.97], 65.63%[28.69], 65.63%[30.10], respectively). Long-acting pet insulin and protamine zinc recombinant (PZI) had a cost per unit less than those approved for human use (p = 0.009); there was no statistical significance when comparing the costs of intermediate- acting insulins (p = 0.745). The cost of additional supplies was not analyzed due to inconsistent availability. Each insulin was equivalent in cost per unit among pharmacies except for the human insulins used for cats (p = 0.012).
Conclusions: Long-acting insulin for pets is less expensive than those approved for human use, while intermediate-acting insulin costs are comparable. Individual pharmacy pricing for products is equivalent, except for human products used to treat cats.This item is part of the Pharmacy Student Research Projects collection, made available by the College of Pharmacy and the University Libraries at the University of Arizona. For more information about items in this collection, please contact Jennifer Martin, Librarian and Clinical Instructor, Pharmacy Practice and Science, [email protected]