367 research outputs found
Spinal plasticity in robot-mediated therapy for the lower limbs.
Robot-mediated therapy can help improve walking ability in patients following injuries to the central nervous system. However, the efficacy of this treatment varies between patients, and evidence for the mechanisms underlying functional improvements in humans is poor, particularly in terms of neural changes in the spinal cord. Here, we review the recent literature on spinal plasticity induced by robotic-based training in humans and propose recommendations for the measurement of spinal plasticity using robotic devices. Evidence for spinal plasticity in humans following robotic training is limited to the lower limbs. Body weight-supported (BWS) robotic-assisted step training of patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) or stroke patients has been shown to lead to changes in the amplitude and phase modulation of spinal reflex pathways elicited by electrical stimulation or joint rotations. Of particular importance is the finding that, among other changes to the spinal reflex circuitries, BWS robotic-assisted step training in SCI patients resulted in the re-emergence of a physiological phase modulation of the soleus H-reflex during walking. Stretch reflexes elicited by joint rotations constitute a tool of interest to probe spinal circuitry since the technology necessary to produce these perturbations could be integrated as a natural part of robotic devices. Presently, ad-hoc devices with an actuator capable of producing perturbations powerful enough to elicit the reflex are available but are not part of robotic devices used for training purposes. A further development of robotic devices that include the technology to elicit stretch reflexes would allow for the spinal circuitry to be routinely tested as a part of the training and evaluation protocols
Maternal Anaemia and Folate Intake in Early Pregnancy
The World Health Organization recommends that women take 400 µg of folate supplementation daily throughout pregnancy. We examined the relationship between total folate intake from the diet and supplements at the first prenatal visit and haematological indices at this visit and subsequently
Cosmological Magnetic Fields from Primordial Helicity
Primordial magnetic fields may account for all or part of the fields observed
in galaxies. We consider the evolution of the magnetic fields created by
pseudoscalar effects in the early universe. Such processes can create
force-free fields of maximal helicity; we show that for such a field magnetic
energy inverse cascades to larger scales than it would have solely by flux
freezing and cosmic expansion. For fields generated at the electroweak phase
transition, we find that the predicted wavelength today can in principle be as
large as 10 kpc, and the field strength can be as large as 10^{-10} G.Comment: 13 page
Cosmological Effects of Radion Oscillations
We show that the redshift of pressureless matter density due to the expansion
of the universe generically induces small oscillations in the stabilized radius
of extra dimensions (the radion field). The frequency of these oscillations is
proportional to the mass of the radion and can have interesting cosmological
consequences. For very low radion masses () these low frequency oscillations lead to oscillations in
the expansion rate of the universe. The occurrence of acceleration periods
could naturally lead to a resolution of the coincidence problem, without need
of dark energy. Even though this scenario for low radion mass is consistent
with several observational tests it has difficulty to meet fifth force
constraints. If viewed as an effective Brans-Dicke theory it predicts
( is the number of extra dimensions), while
experiments on scales larger than imply . By deriving the
generalized Newtonian potential corresponding to a massive toroidally compact
radion we demonstrate that Newtonian gravity is modified only on scales smaller
than . Thus, these constraints do not apply for
(high frequency oscillations) corresponding to scales less than the current
experiments (). Even though these high frequency oscillations can not
resolve the coincidence problem they provide a natural mechanism for dark
matter generation. This type of dark matter has many similarities with the
axion.Comment: Accepted in Phys. Rev. D. Clarifying comments added in the text and
some additional references include
BeppoSAX observations of 3C 273
We present preliminary results of BeppoSAX AO1 observations of 3C 273
performed in January 1997. We also present a close comparison with data
obtained during the satellite SVP, in July 1996. On average, the AO1 flux is
about a factor 2 higher than the flux detected during the SVP, and roughly on
the middle of the historical X-ray flux range. Power law fits with galactic
absorption to all observations yield spectral indices in the range 1.53-1.6,
with the spectrum extending from 0.2 to at least up to 200 keV without any
significant slope change. The broad band spectrum appears basically
featureless, marking a clear difference from the SVP data, where an absorption
feature at low energy and a fluorescence iron emission line are present. The
lack of cold/warm matter signatures in our data may indicate that, at this
"high" level of luminosity, the featureless continuum produced in a
relativistic jet overwhelms any thermal and/or reprocessing component, while
the two components were at least comparable during the "low" state of July
1996.Comment: 1+4 pages, 3 ps inlined figures, espcrc2.sty. Proc. of the Conf. "The
Active X-Ray Sky: Results from BeppoSAX and Rossi-XTE", Rome 21-24 October
199
Simulations of galactic dynamos
We review our current understanding of galactic dynamo theory, paying
particular attention to numerical simulations both of the mean-field equations
and the original three-dimensional equations relevant to describing the
magnetic field evolution for a turbulent flow. We emphasize the theoretical
difficulties in explaining non-axisymmetric magnetic fields in galaxies and
discuss the observational basis for such results in terms of rotation measure
analysis. Next, we discuss nonlinear theory, the role of magnetic helicity
conservation and magnetic helicity fluxes. This leads to the possibility that
galactic magnetic fields may be bi-helical, with opposite signs of helicity and
large and small length scales. We discuss their observational signatures and
close by discussing the possibilities of explaining the origin of primordial
magnetic fields.Comment: 28 pages, 15 figure, to appear in Lecture Notes in Physics "Magnetic
fields in diffuse media", Eds. E. de Gouveia Dal Pino and A. Lazaria
Can forest management based on natural disturbances maintain ecological resilience?
Given the increasingly global stresses on forests, many ecologists argue that managers must maintain ecological resilience: the capacity of ecosystems to absorb disturbances without undergoing fundamental change. In this review we ask: Can the emerging paradigm of natural-disturbance-based management (NDBM) maintain ecological resilience in managed forests? Applying resilience theory requires careful articulation of the ecosystem state under consideration, the disturbances and stresses that affect the persistence of possible alternative states, and the spatial and temporal scales of management relevance. Implementing NDBM while maintaining resilience means recognizing that (i) biodiversity is important for long-term ecosystem persistence, (ii) natural disturbances play a critical role as a generator of structural and compositional heterogeneity at multiple scales, and (iii) traditional management tends to produce forests more homogeneous than those disturbed naturally and increases the likelihood of unexpected catastrophic change by constraining variation of key environmental processes. NDBM may maintain resilience if silvicultural strategies retain the structures and processes that perpetuate desired states while reducing those that enhance resilience of undesirable states. Such strategies require an understanding of harvesting impacts on slow ecosystem processes, such as seed-bank or nutrient dynamics, which in the long term can lead to ecological surprises by altering the forest's capacity to reorganize after disturbance
Plane-symmetric inhomogeneous magnetized viscous fluid universe with a variable
The behavior of magnetic field in plane symmetric inhomogeneous cosmological
models for bulk viscous distribution is investigated. The coefficient of bulk
viscosity is assumed to be a power function of mass density . The values of cosmological constant for these models are
found to be small and positive which are supported by the results from recent
supernovae Ia observations. Some physical and geometric aspects of the models
are also discussed.Comment: 18 pages, LaTex, no figur
‘Stepping away from the computer and into the sweats': The construction and negotiation of exercise identities in a Norwegian public company
While research has found that a developed exercise identity enables individuals to view exercise participation as self- reinforcing, the social barriers to such exercise identity development and participation have not been fully addressed. The subsequent aim of this study was to explore some of the social complexities at play in terms of how company employees construct and manage their exercise identities within a work place setting. A case-study method was used to address the research issue over a nine-month period. The case to be studied included a sample of 72 employees from a Norwegian public company who participated in an on-going work-based exercise programme called ‘Exercise for all’. The principal means of data collection comprised participant observation, individual interviews and exercise logbooks. The data were subject to inductive analysis. The primary barriers to exercise participation included high levels of social comparison in a competitive working context, particularly in relation to ‘competent colleagues’, and feelings of guilt associated with partaking in ‘recreational’ activities during work hours. Strategies engaged with to overcome and negotiate such obstacles included justifying participation through a health-related discourse, and constructing a more distinct ‘worker-exerciser’ identity
Qualitative theory testing as mixed-method research
While the concept of mixed-methods research is more usually associated with combining quantitative and qualitative approaches, this paper outlines a study that mixed methods by undertaking qualitative theory testing and derivation when examining the relationship between health promotion theory and hospital nursing practice. Thus, it is concerned with relating the metatheoretical aspects of the debate and not with the pragmatic aspects of the research and concomitant methods. A deductive–inductive–deductive design, based on the theory–research–theory strategy of Meleis (1985), tested, revised and developed for nursing established health promotion theory using theory-testing criteria. To complement the methodological mix, the study also used the theory (i.e. a health-promotion taxonomy) as a framework to contextualise the findings rather than generate theory in the way associated with interpretative inquiry. While inconsistent with the traditional view linking theory testing with quantitative, objective epistemology, the process enabled a theoretically robust health-promotion taxonomy to be synthesised and advanced for use in nursing in relation to a paradigm of social thought
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