6,568 research outputs found
The Impact of Contaminated RR Lyrae/Globular Cluster Photometry on the Distance Scale
RR Lyrae variables and the stellar constituents of globular clusters are
employed to establish the cosmic distance scale and age of the universe.
However, photometry for RR Lyrae variables in the globular clusters M3, M15,
M54, M92, NGC2419, and NGC6441 exhibit a dependence on the clustercentric
distance. For example, variables and stars positioned near the crowded
high-surface brightness cores of the clusters may suffer from photometric
contamination, which invariably affects a suite of inferred parameters (e.g.,
distance, color excess, absolute magnitude, etc.). The impetus for this study
is to mitigate the propagation of systematic uncertainties by increasing
awareness of the pernicious impact of contaminated and radial-dependent
photometry.Comment: To appear in ApJ
Establishing National Ocean Service Priorities for Estuarine, Coastal, and Ocean Modeling: Capabilities, Gaps, and Preliminary Prioritization Factors
This report was developed to help establish National Ocean Service priorities and chart new directions for research and development of models for estuarine, coastal and ocean ecosystems based on user-driven requirements and supportive of sound coastal management, stewardship, and an ecosystem approach to management. (PDF contains 63 pages
Nutrition Derived Advanced Glycation End Products Are Bio-Social Determinants of Health That Inform on Cancer Disparities
Objectives
Through their ability to perpetuate a reactive stroma, the objective was to define the increased nutritional bioavailability of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) as a pro-tumorigenic consequence of interrelated health inequity risk factors that can influence ancestry specific tumor biology.
Methods
In vivo, ex vivo, and in vitro models were used to define the molecular effects of nutrition associated AGEs on the ancestry specific tumor microenvironment and tumor growth.
Results
The PI’s work provides the first in vivo evidence supporting an oncogenic role for AGEs. In mouse allograft models, both the chronic consumption of AGEs and pre-treatment with AGE bound peptide (p\u3c 0.0001) increased prostate tumor growth. In spontaneous tumor models, chronic AGE consumption caused rapid disease progression through prostate intra-epithelial neoplasia (p=0.049) to adenocarcinoma and metastatic disease. Mechanistically, AGEs recapitulated a regulatory program of ‘activated’ stroma similar to that observed in African American prostate tumors. Specifically, increased AGE bioavailability caused receptor for AGE (RAGE) dimerization in resident PCa fibroblasts leading to their activation and the downregulation of matrix regulatory proteins leading to rapid tumor progression.
Conclusions
When social and biological determinants of health are compromised it may increase nutritional exposure to AGEs and perpetuate a vicious cycle of AGE formation, bioavailability, and pathogenicity. As bio-social determinants of health, AGEs may represent informative and/or functional biomarkers that can be utilized across transdisciplinary studies to address the enduring complexities of cancer disparity
Anomalous coupling between topological defects and curvature
We investigate a counterintuitive geometric interaction between defects and
curvature in thin layers of superfluids, superconductors and liquid crystals
deposited on curved surfaces. Each defect feels a geometric potential whose
functional form is determined only by the shape of the surface, but whose sign
and strength depend on the transformation properties of the order parameter.
For superfluids and superconductors, the strength of this interaction is
proportional to the square of the charge and causes all defects to be repelled
(attracted) by regions of positive (negative) Gaussian curvature. For liquid
crystals in the one elastic constant approximation, charges between 0 and
are attracted by regions of positive curvature while all other charges
are repelled.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures, minor changes, accepted for publication in Phys.
Rev. Let
Dynamics of a Quantum Reference Frame
We analyze a quantum mechanical gyroscope which is modeled as a large spin
and used as a reference against which to measure the angular momenta of
spin-1/2 particles. These measurements induce a back-action on the reference
which is the central focus of our study. We begin by deriving explicit
expressions for the quantum channel representing the back-action. Then, we
analyze the dynamics incurred by the reference when it is used to sequentially
measure particles drawn from a fixed ensemble. We prove that the reference
thermalizes with the measured particles and find that generically, the thermal
state is reached in time which scales linearly with the size of the reference.
This contrasts a recent conclusion of Bartlett et al. that this takes a
quadratic amount of time when the particles are completely unpolarized. We now
understand their result in terms of a simple physical principle based on
symmetries and conservation laws. Finally, we initiate the study of the
non-equilibrium dynamics of the reference. Here we find that a reference in a
coherent state will essentially remain in one when measuring polarized
particles, while rotating itself to ultimately align with the polarization of
the particles
The Period Changes of the Cepheid RT Aurigae
Observations of the light curve for the 3.7-day Cepheid RT Aur both before
and since 1980 indicate that the variable is undergoing an overall period
increase, amounting to +0.082 +-0.012 s/yr, rather than a period decrease, as
implied by all observations prior to 1980. Superposed on the star's O-C
variations is a sinusoidal trend that cannot be attributed to random
fluctuations in pulsation period. Rather, it appears to arise from light travel
time effects in a binary system. The derived orbital period for the system is P
= 26,429 +-89 days (72.36 +-0.24 years). The inferred orbital parameters from
the O-C residuals differ from those indicated by existing radial velocity data.
The latter imply the most reasonable results, namely a1 sin i = 9.09 (+-1.81) x
10^8 km and a minimum secondary mass of M2 = 1.15 +-0.25 Msun. Continued
monitoring of the brightness and radial velocity changes in the Cepheid are
necessary to confirm the long-term trend and to provide data for a proper
spectroscopic solution to the orbit.Comment: Accepted for publication in PASP (November 2007
A Fresh Look at Axions and SN 1987A
We re-examine the very stringent limits on the axion mass based on the
strength and duration of the neutrino signal from SN 1987A, in the light of new
measurements of the axial-vector coupling strength of nucleons, possible
suppression of axion emission due to many-body effects, and additional emission
processes involving pions. The suppression of axion emission due to nucleon
spin fluctuations induced by many-body effects degrades previous limits by a
factor of about 2. Emission processes involving thermal pions can strengthen
the limits by a factor of 3-4 within a perturbative treatment that neglects
saturation of nucleon spin fluctuations. Inclusion of saturation effects,
however, tends to make the limits less dependent on pion abundances. The
resulting axion mass limit also depends on the precise couplings of the axion
and ranges from 0.5x10**(-3) eV to 6x10**(-3) eV.Comment: 32 latex pages, 13 postscript figures included, uses revtex.sty,
submitted to Physical Review
Summer Drivers of Atmospheric Variability Affecting Ice Shelf Thinning in the Amundsen Sea Embayment, West Antarctica
Satellite data and a 35-year hindcast of the Amundsen Sea Embayment summer climate using the Weather Research and Forecasting model are used to understand how regional and large-scale atmospheric variability affects thinning of ice shelves in this sector of West Antarctica by melting from above and below (linked to intrusions of warm water caused by anomalous westerlies over the continental shelf edge). El Nino episodes are associated with an increase in surface melt but do not have a statistically significant impact on westerly winds over the continental shelf edge. The location of the Amundsen Sea Low and the polarity of the Southern Annular Mode (SAM) have negligible impact on surface melting, although a positive SAM and eastward shift of the Amundsen Sea Low cause anomalous westerlies over the continental shelf edge. The projected future increase in El Nino episodes and positive SAM could therefore increase the risk of disintegration of West Antarctic ice shelves
Practical approaches to delivering pandemic impacted laboratory teaching
#DryLabsRealScience is a community of practice established to support life science educators with the provision of laboratory-based classes in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic and restricted access to facilities. Four key
approaches have emerged from the innovative work shared with the network: videos, simulations, virtual/augmented reality, and datasets, with each having strengths and weaknesses. Each strategy was used pre-COVID and has a sound theoretical underpinning; here, we explore how the pandemic has forced
their adaptation and highlight novel utilisation to support student learning in the laboratory environment during the challenges faced by remote and blended teaching
- …