Adi ceviz (Juglans regia L.) ağacı yapraklarının kimyasal bileşiklerinin ağaç yaşına bağlı değişimi

In this present study, we investigated the chemical compounds in the fresh leaves of ancient walnut trees (Juglans regia L.) aged 25, 75, 100, and over 400 year. Under similar environmental conditions, the fresh leaves of walnut trees were collected and analysed for chlorophyll molecules as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoids, enzymatic compounds (ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities) and non-enzymatic compounds (proline, total soluble protein, total phenolic compounds), flavonoid and reducing sugars (glucose, sucrose, total soluble sugar). In addition, the oxidative stress level was determined by measuring lipid peroxidation (MDAmalondialdehyde) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Significant differences in the chemical composition of the fresh leaves were found between the 4 different tree age classes. In general, the results showed that mean chlorophyll pigments were increased with increasing the age. There was also a general trend that mean glucose and starch concentrations increased with the age, while mean sucrose concentration decreased, but no changes were noted for mean total soluble carbohydrate. On the other hand, mean SOD concentration decreased with increasing the age. Other chemical compounds (mean proline, total soluble protein, malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide, APX and CAT), however, did not show clear trends with the age. As a result, these pioneer study have provided valuable insight into the variation in the chemical constituents of walnut tree leaves in relation to the age, and it can be used to better understanding, managing and fighting against pathogens of walnut ecosystems in future studies.Bu çalışmada ortalama yaşı 25, 75, 100 ve 400 yaş üzeri Adi ceviz (Juglans regia L.) olan ağacı yeşil yapraklarının kimyasal bileşikleri araştırılmıştır. Aynı yetişme ortamındaki, adi ceviz ağaçlarından toplanan yeşil yaprak örneklerinin içerdiği fotosentetik pigmentler (klorofil a, klorofil b ve karotenoit, askorbat peroksidaz (APX), katalaz (CAT), süperoksit dismutaz (SOD) enzim aktiviteleri, prolin, toplam çözünür protein, toplam fenolik bileşikleri, flavonoid gibi enzimatik olmayan bileşikleri ve indirgenmiş şekerlerden, glikoz ve sukroz miktarı ile toplam çözünür şeker miktarları belirlenmiştir. Ek olarak, yeşil yapraklar oksidatif stres seviyesi ile lipit peroksidasyonu (malondialdehit-MDA) ve hidrojen peroksit (H2O2) konsantrasyonları için analiz edilmiştir. Bu kimyasal bileşiklerden bazıları, ağaç yaşına bağlı olarak istatistiksel farklılıklar göstermiştir. Genel olarak, fotosentetik pigmentler, ağaç yaşı arttıkça artış göstermiştir. Glikoz ve nişasta miktarı ağaç yaşı ile artma eğilimi gösterirken, sukroz miktarı azalmış, fakat toplam çözünür karbohidrat içeriği ağaçlar arasında önemli bir farklılık göstermemiştir. Bunun yanında, SOD aktivitesi yaş arttıkça azalmıştır. Çalışmada incelenen diğer kimyasal bileşiklerle (prolin, toplam çözünür protein, MDA, H2O2, APX ve CAT) ağaç yaşı arasında belirgin bir ilişki tespit edilmemiştir. Sonuç olarak, öncü niteliğindeki bu bulgular, ceviz ağacı yapraklarının yaşa bağlı olarak kimyasal yapılarındaki değişimi hakkında önemli bilgiler sağlamış olup, ceviz ekosistemlerinin daha iyi anlaşılması, yönetimi ve zararlarına karşı uygulanacak mücadele yöntemlerine karar vermede gelecekteki çalışmalarda kullanılabilecektir

'Looking after and protecting the Republic' : The legitimation of the Military's authority in Turkey

L'objectif de cet article est, à contre-courant des thèses du moment, de montrer que la République turque fut le théâtre d'une évolution d'une autorité militaire de facto, à une autorité militaire de jure. Les militaires ottomans jouissant à la fin de la guerre 14-18, sous Mustapha Kemal, d'une autorité de fait écrasante, se sont volontairement cantonnés dans le rôle d'un simple groupe de pression

Atatürk:İnsanları seven bir insan

Taha Toros Arşivi, Dosya Adı: 1939-2000 Atatürk'ü Anma TörenleriKıyafetine büyük özen gösterirdiPolisler gelince, Ata'ya koştukİnsanlık sevgisi ile dopdoluyd

Atrial flutter with 1:1 conduction in a 70-year-old man with hyperthyroidism

Atrial flutter (AFL) is a rapid, regular atrial tachyarrhythmia that occurs most commonly in patients with underlying structural heart disease. AFL with 1:1 atrioventricular (AV) conduction is a rare occasion. We describe a 70-year-old male patient with hyperthyroidism in whom AFL was associated with 1:1 AV conduction. This case report emphasizes that AFL with 1:1 AV conduction should be kept in mind as a diagnostic alternative in patients with rapid supraventricular tachycardia and hyperthyroidism

Reporting him and his cause aright : Mahmud Sevket Pacha and the Liman Von Sanders mission

Cet article s'aplique, sur la base d'exemples représentatifs, à l'épistémologie des liens de causalité dans l'Histoire. Il se concentre sur l'exposé et l'appréciation de la distinction entre les concepts de causes réelles et subjectives et leur poids dans l'Histoire. L'auteur tente, ce faisant, de bâtir une philosophie de l'Histoire qui analyserait le processus de causalité. L'exemple choisi, durant la période jeune-turque, est centré sur la question suivante : pourquoi, en 1913, Mahmud ªevket Pacha choisit-il un général allemand renommé pour réorganiser l'armée ottomane

Determination of Resistance Cumhuriyet-75 and Selimiye-95 Wheat (Triticum Aestivum L.) Varieties Against to Some Abiotic Stress Factories

In this study, resistance mechanism of two wheat genotypes against salt, heavy metal, lime and drought (50%) treatments were investigated in summer Cumhuriyet-75 and winter Selimiye-95. According to results chlorophyll a, b, total chlorophyll and carotenoid level increased in FeCl3, drought and 225 mM NaCl in Cumhuriyet-75 but they were higher at NaCl, FeCl3 and ZnCl2 treatments in Selimiye-95 comparison to control. While H2O2 content rose all stres treatments in both varieties but Malondialdehyde (MDA) decreased in Selimiye with all applications. The amount of proline is lower in Cumhuiyet-75 but higher in Selimiye-95. Total soluble protein was found higher at salt concentartion and drought in both varieties. Ascorbate peroxidase (APX), Süperoxide dismutase (SOD) activity increased in salt and FeCl3 in Selimiye-95 but SOD ativity were higher at salt treatments in Cumhuriyet-75. And also in both varieties APX and Guaiacol peroxidase (GuPX) increased at FeCl3 but Catalase (CAT) were higher in only FeCl3 in Cumhuriyet-75. As a result Selimiye-95 showed tolerance to salt and FeCl3 with high photosynthetic pigment, proline and soluble protein content with lower MDA but it is sensitive to NiCl2 and drought. Whereas Cumhuriyet-75 cultivar is resistan to drought, FeCl3 and 225 mM NaCl depended on pigment, protein content and APX, CAT, GuPX and SOD activities. When all the data are taken into consideration, it was concluded that the responses of the varieties to the treatments changed according to the type and concentration of stress, and Selimiye-95 variety was tolerant compared to Cumhuriyet-75 variety

Age-Related Changes of Some Chemical Components in the Leaves of Oriental Beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky.)

Background and Purpose: This study presents the analysis of photosynthetic pigments, proline, total soluble protein, total amino acids, glucose, sucrose, total soluble sugars, total amount of phenolic compounds and flavonoids, malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) concentration in the leaf samples collected from oriental beech trees, which are naturally spread in Kastamonu Province, Turkey, with differing ages, enzyme activities of ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Material and Methods: The research was carried out on oriental beech trees (Fagus orientalis L.) of different ages located at 1300 m high elevation in Ahlat Village of Kastamonu Province, Turkey. Oriental beech trees of different ages (≥25, ≥50, ≥100, ≥200 and ≥600 years-old) constituted the material of this study. In leaf samples taken from trees of different ages, photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll and carotenoid), proline, total soluble protein, total amino acid, glucose, sucrose, total soluble sugars, the amount of total phenolic compounds and flavonoids, MDA, H2O2 concentration, enzyme activities of APX, CAT and SOD, as well as the relationship between the total content of C, N and H elements and the tree ages were studied. Results: As a result of the research conducted, significant differences were determined in terms of chlorophyll, total phenolic compound, flavonoid, glucose, amounts of sucrose, nitrogenous compounds, proline, total soluble protein, MDA, H2O2 concentrations, and the activities of APX, CAT and SOD in the leaves of oriental beech trees with differing ages. The highest content of chlorophyll a was found to be in the youngest age group of ≥25 years. Total chlorophyll is low in young trees and high in middle-aged, old and very old trees. According to the results obtained, it was concluded that the MDA and H2O2 concentrations in the trees did not vary depending on the age of trees only, but also on the genotype, environmental conditions and metabolic activities. It was concluded that the fact that the total chlorophyll, phenolic compounds and sucrose content in oriental beech trees are high and that MDA content is low could have an influence on the long life of ≥600 years-old oriental beech trees. Conclusions: The activity of photosynthesis is related to leaf characteristics more than the age of trees

Trzepotanie przedsionków z przewodzeniem 1:1 u 70-letniego mężczyzny z nadczynnością tarczycy

Trzepotanie przedsionków (AFL) jest szybką, miarową tachyarytmią przedsionkową występującą najczęściej u pacjentów ze strukturalną chorobą serca. Trzepotanie przedsionków z przewodzeniem przedsionkowo-komorowym (AV) 1:1 występuje rzadko. W niniejszej pracy opisano 70-letniego mężczyznę z nadczynnością tarczycy, u którego występowało AFL z przewodzeniem AV 1:1. Opis tego przypadku zwraca uwagę, że należy pamiętać o AFL z przewodzeniem AV 1:1 jako alternatywnym rozpoznaniu u pacjentów z szybkim częstoskurczem nadkomorowym i nadczynnością tarczycy