Seeking the neural basis of grammar : English noun and verb morphological processing investigated with rapid event-related fMRI and intracortical electrophysiology

Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, 2003.Includes bibliographical references (v. 2, leaves 268-271).(cont.) the functionality of the fMRI data analysis and visualization tools used at Massachusetts General Hospital. I analyze and interpret an 18-subject fMRI experiment I ran using the new task design and software tools. Finally, I present preliminary findings on linguistic questions as well as the nature of fMRI signal, using direct Electrophysiological data recorded from electrodes implanted in the brains of two Epilepsy patients. These patients had electrodes implanted through or near classical language areas of their brains, as a necessary clinical step in locating and surgically removing the seizure-causing tissue. The main findings of this thesis are: 1.) Morphology alone can activate Broca's area, 2.) Other areas are involved, including BA47, anterior insula, and SMA, 3.) Broca's area and BA47 respond to application of abstract grammatical features, even without phonological manipulations, 4.) Morphophonological manipulation additionally recruits insula and SMA, 5.) While simply accessing nouns versus verbs may involve separable brain regions, inflectional processing of the two categories may be done by the same process, 6.) Regularly and Irregularly inflected verbs show a double dissociation of activation in frontal and medial regions, 7.) Processing of English noun more than verb morphology may rely on some contribution from number processing brain systems ...Inflectional morphology is the component of language concerned with changing a word's form to reflect context-specific meaning, such as the affixing of"-ed" for English verbs in the past tense, or adding "-s" in order to signal a noun's plural form. Although it is but one part of language, morphology may be useful as a model system for larger issues in language and cognition. Morphological processing touches on: the manipulation of memorized items (the vocabulary of words, and maybe word endings), the application and power of combinatorial rules (to generate correct forms, even of unknown words), and the binding of units of information into meaning. Morphology's relationship with other more traditional facets of language such as syntax (sentence structure) and semantics (meanings of individual words) is debated, as is the objective reality of grammatical categories (e.g. noun/verb) as well as combinatorial rules. Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) is an exciting technique for peering into the brain and answering questions about its function. However, the technique has limited temporal and spatial resolution, and indexes the brain basis of cognition only indirectly, via blood response to cellular metabolism. In this thesis I propose a task for manipulating morphological production, embedded in a 2*2*3 design simultaneously varying grammatical class (nouns versus verbs), regularity of inflection (e.g. words like "walk" which take the stereotyped or regular ending "-ed", versus those like "bring" and "sing" which have idiosyncratic past tense forms), and three types of morphological task aimed to separate the assignment of grammatical features (e.g. present/past tense) from changes in word sound. I introduce and utilize software to extendby Nedim T. Sahin.S.M

Prognostic factors for lymph node negative stage I and IIA non-small cell lung cancer: Multicenter experiences

Surgery is the only curative treatment for operable non-small lung cancer (NSCLC) and the importance of adjuvant chemotherapy for stage IB patients is unclear. Herein, we evaluated prognostic factors for survival and factors related with adjuvant treatment decisions for stage I and IIA NSCLC patients without lymph node metastasis. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 302 patients who had undergone curative surgery for prognostic factors regarding survival and clinicopathological factors related to adjuvant chemotherapy. Results: Nearly 90% of the patients underwent lobectomy or pneumonectomy with mediastinal lymph node resection. For the others, wedge resection were performed. The patients were diagnosed as stage IA in 35%, IB in 49% and IIA in 17%. Histopathological type (p=0.02), tumor diameter (p=0.01) and stage (p<0.001) were found to be related to adjuvant chemotherapy decisions, while operation type, lypmhovascular invasion (LVI), grade and the presence of recurrence were important factors in predicting overall survival (OS), and operation type, tumor size greater than 4 cm, T stage, LVI, and visceral pleural invasion were related with disease free survival (DFS). Multivariate analysis showed operation type (p<0.001, hazard ratio (HR):1.91) and the presence of recurrence (p<0.001, HR:0.007) were independent prognostic factors for OS, as well visceral pleural invasion (p=0.01, HR:0.57) and LVI (p=0.004, HR:0.57) for DFS. Conclusions: Although adjuvant chemotherapy is standard for early stage lymph node positive NSCLC, it has less clear importance in stage I and IIA patients without lymph node metastasis

Retrospective evaluation of the patients with mantle cell lymphoma treated and followed in Gazi University hospital

Gazi Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Hastanesinde Takip ve Tedavi Edilen Mantle Hücreli Lenfomaların Retrospektif Değerlendirilmesi Amaç: Non-Hodgkin lenfomaların yaklaşık %5 ni oluşturan mantle hücreli lenfoma (MHL),agresif seyreden ve kür şansı olmayan bir hastalıktır. Birinci basamak kemoterapi için kabul görmüş standart bir protokol bulunmadığı için her merkezin kendi teknik donanımı, yatak sayısı ve yetişmiş eleman sayısına göre bir tedavi pratiği olduğunu düşünüyoruz. Gazi Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Hastanesi Tıbbi Onkoloji veya Hematoloji kliniklerinde tercih edilen kemoterapi tiplerini, etkinliklerini ve toksisitelerini incelemek için bu çalışma planlandı. Gereç ve Yöntem: Ocak 2000-Aralık 2011 tarihleri arasında MHL tanısı alan hastalar retrospektif incelendi. Toplam 44 hasta tespit edildi ancak 4 hastanın dosyasına ulaşılamadığından çalışmaya alınmadı. Böylece 40 hastanın demografik verileri, kemoterapi tercihleri, tedavi yanıtları ve toksisiteleri değerlendirildi. Bulgular: Medyan 33.5 (3-134) ay takipli çalışmada 33 erkek 7 kadın vardı. Hastalardan 26 sı (%65) hayatta iken 14 ü (%35) ölmüştü. Medyan yaşın 61.5 olduğu çalışmada %85 hasta ileri evredeydi. Sekiz hastada blastoid alt tip tespit edilmişti. Birinci basamakta 27 RCHOP, 9 R-Hyper-CVAD, 3 R-CVP ve 1 R-CMF tercih edilmişti. Dördü ilk basamakta,toplam 11 hastada otolog kemik iliği nakli yapılmıştı. Yanıt değerlendirmede 24 tam yanıt, 8 kısmi yanıt, 4 stabil yanıt ve 2 progresyon tespit edilmişti. Medyan hastalıksız sağkalım 18 ay, medyan genel sağkalıma ise henüz ulaşılamamıştı. Ancak 5 yıllık sağkalım oranı %58 idi. Birinci basamakta R-HyperCVAD alanların % 83 ünde ve R-CHOP alanların %52 sinde grad 3-4 miyelosupresyon görülmüşken bir vakada toksik ölüm tespit edildi. Sonuç: MHL, geçici kemoterapi yanıtı ve yüksek nüks oranı nedeniyle kötü prognozlu bir hastalıktır. Birinci basamak kemoterapi yanıtlarımız ve toksisitelerimiz literatür ile benzer bulundu. Kür şansının olmadığı göz önünde bulundurularak yaş, performans durumu ve eşlik eden hastalıklar dikkate alınarak kemoterapi tercihi yapılmalıdır.Retrospective Evaluation of The Patients With Mantle Cell Lymphoma Treated and Followed in Gazi University Hospital Objective: Mantle cell lymphoma which accounts for about 5% of all non-Hodgkin s lymphomas is an agressive and noncurable disease. Since there is no accepted standart treatment protocol for the first line chemotherapy, we consider that every center has a treatment practice according to their own technical supplies, hospital bed and professional numbers. This study was planned to analyse the types, efficiacy and toxicity of the chemotherapy regimens preferred in Gazi University Hospital. Material and Method: The patients diagnosed with mantle cell lymphoma between January 2000 and December 2011 were analysed retrospectively. Forty-four patients were determined but medical records of four patients were not met. Thereby the demographic data,chmeotherapy regimens, treatment responses and toxicities of 40 patients were evaluated. Results: There were 33 male and 7 female patients in this study with a follow-up of median 33.5 (3-134) months. Twenty-six (65%) patients were alive whereas 14 (35%) of them were dead. Median age was 61.5 years old and 85% of patients had advanced stage disease. Blastoid subtype was found in eight patients. As first-line treatment; R-CHOP, RHyperCVAD, R-CVP and R-CMF were preferred in 27, 9, 3 and 1 patient respectively. Autologous bone marrow transplantation was done in 11 patients with 4 of them in first-line treatment. Complete response, partial response, stable disease and progressive disease were obtained in 24, 8, 4 and 2 patients respectively. Median disease-free survival was 18 months and overall survival hasn t been reached. However 5-year survival was 58%. Grade3-4 myelosuppression was observed in the 83% of patients who had R-HyperCVAD and 52% of patients who had R-CHOP as first-line therapy and toxic death was seen in 1 patient. Conclusion: Mantle cell lymphoma is a disease with poor prognosis due to temporary chemotherapy response and high recurrence rate. Our first-line chemoherapy responses and toxicities were found to be consistent with the previous reports. Taking into consideration that there is no chance of cure, chemotherapy decision should be done according to age, performance status and comorbidities of the patient

The relationship between manipulative behaviors of principals and autonomy perceptions and commitment of teachers

Bu çalışma, okul müdürlerinin duygusal manipülatif davranışları ile öğretmenlerin özerklik algıları ve okula bağlılık düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkileri incelemektedir. Araştırma, ilişkisel tarama modelinde betimsel bir çalışma olarak yürütülmüştür. Araştırmanın verileri için okullar ve okullar içinde öğretmenler olmak üzere iki düzeyli örneklem alma yoluna gidilmiştir. Bu çerçevede, ilk önce araştırmada yer alacak okullar tabakalı örnekleme yoluna saptanmış ardından seçilen okullardaki öğretmenler çalışmaya dahil edilmiştir. Bu doğrultuda, çalışma grubunu Ankara ve Zonguldak illerinde yer alan 80 okuldan 760 öğretmen oluşturmaktadır. Verilerin toplanmasında, bu çalışma kapsamında araştırmacılar tarafından Türk kültürüne ve diline uyarlanan Duygusal Manipülatif Davranış Ölçeği, Öğretmen Özerkliği Ölçeği ve Öğretmen Bağlılığı Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Verilerinin analizinde, okul müdürlerinin duygusal manipülatif davranışları ile öğretmenlerin özerkliği algıları ve okula bağlılık düzeyleri arasındaki doğrudan ve dolaylı ilişkiler, iki düzeyli yapısal eşitlik modeli kullanılarak incelenmiştir. Okul düzeyinde yer alan değişkenler arasındaki sonuçlara göre, müdürlerin pozitif duygusal manipülatif davranışlarındaki artış öğretmen özerklik algılarını arttırmaktadır. Öte yandan, müdürlerin negatif duygusal manipülatif davranışlarının, öğretmenlerin örgütsel bağlılıkları üzerinde doğrudan bir etkisi olduğu bulunmuştur. Araştırmanın sonuçları, okul müdürlerinin öğretmenlerin özerklik algıları ve bağlılığı üzerinde önemli etkiye sahip olduğunu göstermektedir. Bu anlamda, çalışmanın sonuçları, bireysel ve kurumsal amaçlara ulaşmak için okul müdürünün, duygularını etkili bir şekilde kullanılabileceği düşüncesini desteklemektedir.This study examines the relationship between the manipulative behavior of school principals and the level of autonomy perceptions and commitment of teachers. The study was conducted as a descriptive study in the relational screening model. To get data for the study, two levels of samples were used, namely school principals and school teachers. In this framework, the schools to be included in the survey were first identified through stratified sampling method, and then the teachers from the selected schools were included in the study. The study group consists of 760 teachers from 80 schools in Ankara and Zonguldak in Turkey. Emotional Manipulative Behaviors Scale, Teacher Autonomy Scale and Teacher Commitment Scale, which were used in the collection of data were adapted to Turkish culture and language by the researchers. In the analysis of the research data, direct and indirect relationships between school principals' manipulative behaviors, teacher autonomy perceptions and commitment were examined using a two-level structural equation model. According to the results of the study on school-level variables, the increase on the principals’ positive EM variable leads to increase in the teachers' autonomy. However, principals' negative EM variable was found to have a direct adverse effect on teachers' organizational commitment. The results of the research show that the school principals have significant influence on teachers' autonomy perceptions and commitment. Thus, the results of the study support the notion that emotions can be used effectively by the school principal to achieve individual and organizational goals

Instructional leadership, power distance, teacher enthusiasm, and differentiated instruction in Turkey: testing a multilevel moderated mediation model

This study tested a moderated mediation model of instructional leadership's effects on differentiated instruction, with teacher enthusiasm as the mediator and power distance perceptions of teachers as the moderator. Using survey data from a sample of 772 teachers working at 55 secondary schools, the study performed multilevel structural equation modelling (MSEM) with Bayesian estimation to examine the structural relationships between principal instructional leadership, power distance, teacher enthusiasm, and differentiated instruction. Results replicated the previously established evidence that principal instructional leadership has indirect effects on differentiated instruction through promoting teacher enthusiasm. This study also extends the literature by bringing evidence that the effect of instructional leadership on teacher enthusiasm and differentiated practice is contingent upon the level of power distance in the relationships between teachers and principals. Key implications for policy and practice are discussed

Skręt jajowodu podczas ciąży – opis przypadku

Abstract Tubal torsion is a very rare event, especially in pregnancy. We present a case of a patient of 20 weeks gestation that was admitted to our clinic with acute abdomen. Radiological and biochemical investigations did not reveal the cause of abdominal pain which resulted in laparatomic exploration. During the operation, the paratubal cystic mass, previously explored by ultrasonographic examination, and the left fallopian tube were found twisted among themselves. Salpingectomy was performed due to the necrotic appearance of the fallopian tube.Streszczenie Skręt jajowodu jest bardzo rzadkim schorzeniem, zwłaszcza w ciąży. Przedstawiamy przypadek pacjentki w 20 tygodniu ciąży, która została przyjęta do naszej kliniki z powodu silnych bólów brzucha. Badania radiologiczne i biochemiczne nie wykazały przyczyny dolegliwości bólowych, co skłoniło nas do wykonania laparotomii zwiadowczej. Podczas operacji okazało się, że wcześniej uwidoczniona w badaniu ultrasonograficznym torbiel około jajowodowa była skręcona razem z lewym jajowodem. Z uwagi na zmiany martwicze jajowodu wykonano jego usunięcie