Metal Ion Chelates as Surrogates of Nucleobases for the Recognition of Nucleic Acid Sequences: The Pd2+ Complex of 2,6-Bis(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)purine Riboside

A 2,6-bis(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)purine ribonucleoside has been prepared and incorporated as a conventionally protected phosphoramidite into a 9-mer 2′-O-methyl oligoribonucleotide. According to 1H NMR spectroscopic studies, this nucleoside forms with Pd2+ and uridine a ternary complex that is stable at a micromolar concentration range. CD spectroscopic studies on oligonucleotide hybridization, in turn, suggest that the Pd2+ chelate of this artificial nucleoside, when incorporated in a 2′-O-methyl-RNA oligomer, is able to recognize thymine within an otherwise complementary DNA strand. The duplex containing thymidine opposite to the artificial nucleoside turned out to be somewhat more resistant to heating than its counterpart containing 2′-deoxycytidine in place of thymidine, but only in the presence of Pd2+. According to UV-melting measurements, replacement of 2′-O-methyladenosine with the artificial nucleoside markedly enhances hybridization with a DNA target, irrespective of the identity of the opposite base and the presence of Pd2+. With the thymidine containing DNA target, the Tm value is 2–4°C higher than with targets containing any other nucleoside opposite to the artificial nucleoside, but the dependence on Pd2+ is much less clear than in the case of the CD studies

Sulfurization of H-Phosphonate Diesters by Elemental Sulfur under Aqueous Conditions

To assess the plausibility of prebiotic nucleic acid polymerization by a sequential phosphitylation-sulfurization mechanism, the rates of hydrolysis and sulfurization of bis(2', 3'-O-methyleneadenosin-5'-yl)-H-phosphonate, a dinucleoside H-phosphonate diester, have been determined over a wide pH range (0.52-7.25) and in the presence of varying amounts (0-30 mg) of elemental sulfur. The pH-rate profile of hydrolysis resembled the one previously reported for the Hphosphonate analogue of thymidylyl-3', 5'-thymidine, with a relatively wide pH-independent region flanked by acid-and base-catalyzed regions. Sulfurization to the respective phosphorothioate diester, in turn, was found to be basecatalyzed over the entire pH range studied. Despite the facile hydrolysis of H-phosphonate diesters and the extremely low solubility of elemental sulfur in water, sulfurization and hydrolysis proceeded at comparable rates under neutral and mildly acidic conditions

Pd2 +-mediated base pairing in oligonucleotides

International audienceTwo short glycol nucleic acid (GNA) oligonucleotides, having either a terminal or an intrachain nucleobase replaced by the pyridine-2,6-dicarboxamide chelate of Pd2 +, have been synthesized and their hybridization properties studied by melting temperature measurements. In the termini of a double-stranded oligonucleotide, the Pd2 + chelates provided dramatic stabilization of the duplex relative to its metal-free counterpart, in all likelihood owing to formation of Pd2 +-mediated base pairs between pyridine-2,6-dicarboxamide and the opposing nucleobase. In contrast, no stabilization was observed when the Pd2 + chelate was placed in the middle of the chain. Furthermore, the results could not be reproduced by adding a Pd2 + salt in situ to the dilute oligonucleotide solutions but the palladated oligonucleotides had to be synthesized and purified prior to the hybridization studies. This behavior, presumably attributable to the relatively slow ligand-exchange reactions of Pd2 +, differs greatly from what is usually observed with more labile metal ions. The present results offer an explanation for the failure of previous attempts to incorporate Pd2 +-mediated base pairs into oligonucleotides

Phosphodiester models for cleavage of nucleic acids

Nucleic acids that store and transfer biological information are polymeric diesters of phosphoric acid. Cleavage of the phosphodiester linkages by protein enzymes, nucleases, is one of the underlying biological processes. The remarkable catalytic efficiency of nucleases, together with the ability of ribonucleic acids to serve sometimes as nucleases, has made the cleavage of phosphodiesters a subject of intensive mechanistic studies. In addition to studies of nucleases by pH-rate dependency, X-ray crystallography, amino acid/nucleotide substitution and computational approaches, experimental and theoretical studies with small molecular model compounds still play a role. With small molecules, the importance of various elementary processes, such as proton transfer and metal ion binding, for stabilization of transition states may be elucidated and systematic variation of the basicity of the entering or departing nucleophile enables determination of the position of the transition state on the reaction coordinate. Such data is important on analyzing enzyme mechanisms based on synergistic participation of several catalytic entities. Many nucleases are metalloenzymes and small molecular models offer an excellent tool to construct models for their catalytic centers. The present review tends to be an up to date summary of what has been achieved by mechanistic studies with small molecular phosphodiesters

Organomercury Nucleic Acids: Past, Present and Future

Synthetic efforts towards nucleosides, nucleotides, oligonucleotides and nucleic acids covalently mercurated at one or more of their base moieties are summarized, followed by a discussion of the proposed, realized and abandoned applications of this unique class of compounds. Special emphasis is given to fields in which active research is ongoing, notably the use of Hg-II-mediated base pairing to improve the hybridization properties of oligonucleotide probes. Finally, this minireview attempts to anticipate potential future applications of organomercury nucleic acids

2,6-Dimercuriphenol as a Bifacial Dinuclear Organometallic Nucleobase

A C-nucleoside having 2,6-dimercuriphenol as the base moiety has been synthesized and incorporated into an oligonucleotide. NMR and UV melting experiments revealed the ability of this bifacial organometallic nucleobase surrogate to form stable dinuclear HgII-mediated base triples with adenine, cytosine, and thymine (or uracil) in solution as well as within a triple-helical oligonucleotide. A single HgII-mediated base triple between 2,6-dimercuriphenol and two thymines increased both Hoogsteen and Watson–Crickmelting temperatures of a 15-mer pyrimidine·purine*pyrimidine triple helix by more than 10 oC relative to an unmodified triple helix of the same length. This novel binding mode could be exploited in targeting certain pathogenic nucleic acids as well as in DNA nanotechnology.</p

Improved Synthesis Strategy for N-Methoxy-1,3-oxazinane Nucleic Acids (MOANAs)

Dependence of the hydrolysis rate of a series of N-methoxy-2-phenyl-1,3-oxazinanes on the Hammett substituent constant of the substituent of the phenyl ring was determined, yielding a reaction constant p=-1.40 +/- 0.05. Based on this information, 4-(benzoyloxy)benzaldehyde was selected as a protecting group for a new (2R,3S)-4-(methoxyamino)butane-1,2,3-triol phosphoramidite building block. The yield of the preparation of this building block as well as its coupling in automated oligonucleotide synthesis were greatly improved compared to the method reported previously. The 2-[4-(benzoyloxy)phenyl]-1,3-oxazine protection persisted throughout the synthesis of short oligonucleotides but was rapidly removed when the oligonucleotides were released from solid support and dissolved in water.</p

Mimics of Small Ribozymes Utilizing a Supramolecular Scaffold

For elucidating the mechanism of the general acid/base catalysis of the hydrolysis of RNA phosphodiester bonds, a number of cleaving agents having two cyclen moieties tethered to a 1,3,5-triazine core have been prepared and their ability to bind and cleave UpU studied over a wide pH range. Around neutral pH, the cleaving agents form a highly stable ternary complex with UpU and ZnII through coordination of the uracil N3 and the cyclen nitrogen atoms to the ZnII ions. Under conditions where the triazine core exists in the deprotonated neutral form, hydrolysis of UpU, but not of ApA, is accelerated by approximately two orders of magnitude in the presence of the cleaving agents, suggesting general base rather than metal ion catalysis. The probable mechanism of the observed catalysis and implications to understanding the general acid/base-catalyzed phosphodiester hydrolysis by ribozymes are discussed

Palladacyclic Conjugate Group Promotes Hybridization of Short Oligonucleotides

Short oligonucleotides with cyclopalladated benzylamine moieties at their 5-termini have been prepared to test the possibility of conferring palladacyclic anticancer agents sequence-selectivity by conjugation with a guiding oligonucleotide. Hybridization of these oligonucleotides with natural counterparts was studied by UV and CD (circular dichroism) melting experiments in the absence and presence of a competing ligand (2-mercaptoethanol). Cyclopalladated benzylamine proved to be strongly stabilizing relative to unmetalated benzylamine and modestly stabilizing relative to an extra A center dot T base pair. The stabilization was largely abolished in the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol, suggesting direct coordination of Pd(II) to a nucleobase of the complementary strand. In all cases, fidelity of Watson-Crick base pairing between the two strands was retained. Hybridization of the cyclopalladated oligonucleotides was characterized by relatively large negative enthalpy and entropy, consistent with stabilizing Pd(II) coordination partially offset by the entropic penalty of imposing conformational constraints on the flexible diethylene glycol linker between the oligonucleotide and the palladacyclic moiety