Wetlands for wastewater treatment and subsequent recycling of treated effluent : a review

Due to water scarcity challenges around the world, it is essential to think about non-conventional water resources to address the increased demand in clean freshwater. Environmental and public health problems may result from insufficient provision of sanitation and wastewater disposal facilities. Because of this, wastewater treatment and recycling methods will be vital to provide sufficient freshwater in the coming decades, since water resources are limited and more than 70% of water are consumed for irrigation purposes. Therefore, the application of treated wastewater for agricultural irrigation has much potential, especially when incorporating the reuse of nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorous, which are essential for plant production. Among the current treatment technologies applied in urban wastewater reuse for irrigation, wetlands were concluded to be the one of the most suitable ones in terms of pollutant removal and have advantages due to both low maintenance costs and required energy. Wetland behavior and efficiency concerning wastewater treatment is mainly linked to macrophyte composition, substrate, hydrology, surface loading rate, influent feeding mode, microorganism availability, and temperature. Constructed wetlands are very effective in removing organics and suspended solids, whereas the removal of nitrogen is relatively low, but could be improved by using a combination of various types of constructed wetlands meeting the irrigation reuse standards. The removal of phosphorus is usually low, unless special media with high sorption capacity are used. Pathogen removal from wetland effluent to meet irrigation reuse standards is a challenge unless supplementary lagoons or hybrid wetland systems are used

Combined natural wastewater treatment systems for removal of organic matter and phosphorus from polluted streams

Natural wastewater treatment (NWT)systems may be a most suitable and economical solution method to ensure a cleaner environment and sustainable production in control of water pollution. Therefore, in this study, a NWT system was designed to reduce existing pollution in over-polluted Kızılca creek (Nigde, Turkey). The combined system consists of a settlement basin (SB), free water surface constructed wetland (FWS-CW)planted with Phragmites communis, and overland flow (OF)system planted with Italian ryegrass, respectively. The system was installed on the edge of the creek in 2014. Over-polluted creek water was treated by passing through the system, and the treated water was discharged into the creek. Total suspended solid (TSS), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and total phosphorus (TP)parameters were analyzed on samples taken from the inputs and outputs of all stages of the system. During an operating period of about 18 months, it was observed that the pollutant parameters were reduced to a great extent. Despite the high organic loading, it was determined that the treatment system could remove the TSS and the BOD up to 85%, and the TP up to 49%. Average removals were found to be higher in warm weather conditions where vegetation could grow best. Results suggest that the combined NWT systems can be used as a low-cost wastewater treatment alternative to improve the water quality of polluted streams in similar areas. © 2019 Elsevier LtdThis study was financially supported by the Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) , through the Project n. 113Y589 . The author wishes to thank the TUBITAK for financial support. Appendix

A sample study on nitrogen removal from polluted streams by using hybrid natural wastewater treatment systems

The ecological structure and function of the water reservoirs deteriorate dramatically because of streams fed by the excess nitrogen-containing wastewater. To protect the water reservoirs from polluted streams, structures such as natural wastewater treatment (NWT) systems to be created inside or outside streams may be a most suitable and economical solution method to overcoming the problem. In this study, a hybrid NWT system was installed to remove nitrogenous pollutants in Karasu creek (Nigde city, Turkey) in 2014. The system built near the creek consisted of feeding basin (FB), settlement basin (SB), free water surface-constructed wetland (FWS-CW), and overland flow (OF) system respectively. Despite quite high nitrogen loading rates, the system managed to reduce NH4 +-N from average 29 mg/L to 12 mg/L and TN from 44 mg/L to 19 mg/L with an average removal efficiency of 57%. Results revealed that hydraulic and nitrogen loading rate, temperature and seasonal variation, BOD/TKN ratio, hydraulic residence time (HRT), and the use of the filter material were effective on nitrogen removal. The results suggest that the hybrid NWT systems can be used as a low-cost wastewater treatment alternative to improve water quality in streams contaminated by nitrogenous pollutants in the similar areas. © 2018 Global NEST Printed in Greece. All rights reserved

Investigation of bacteriological contamination in kizilca (Karasu) creek feeding akkaya reservoir and solution proposals to reduce contamination [Akkaya barajini besleyen kizilca (Karasu) deresindeki bakteriyolojik kirlenmenin İncelenmesi ve kirliliğin azaltilmasi İçin çözüm önerileri]

With intention to the sustainable protection of surface water sources, researches made on bacteriological contamination in streams that pollute water resources are of great importance. Therefore, because Kizilca creek (Karasu) feeding Akkaya reservoir (Nigde, Turkey) is contaminated with high bacterial loadings, and its ecosystem also becomes dysfunctional, it is examined the change in water quality of Kizilca creek and Akkaya reservoir depending on the distance, their water guality parameters was analyzed between October 2014 to September 2015 periods, and determined their quality classes according to Water Pollution Control Regulation. Water samples were collected at monthly intervals from five stations chosen on creek toward downstream from upstream. The values and degrees of flowing rate, temperature, pH, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), and Faecal Coliform (F.Coli.) were determined for each station separately. Data obtained from the experiment results shown that Kicilca creek was in low quality standard (Class III) in terms of F.Coli. according to intra-continental water quality standards declared in water pollution law. As a results of studies, it was determined that creek was excessively polluted and a most significant threat to Akkaya reservoir. © 2017 Namik Kemal University - Agricultural Faculty. All Rights Reserved

Ottoman forestry: socio-economic aspect and its influence today Otomano florestal: aspecto socioeconômico e sua influência hoje

Forestry is an important subject because it supplies wood and timber for direct human consumption, in addition to its positive effects on global warming and on bio-diversity, with a history dating back to antiquity. As a labor-intensive sector in developing countries, it maintains interactions with natural resources management, public relations and socio-economic structure. It can affect the prosperity of countries either positively or negatively. Hence, an analysis of the history of forestry bears importance because it not only sheds light on its past and present condition, but also explains the improvements for the protection of forests. Accordingly, in the first section of this study, general information on the Ottoman Land System and Ottoman Forestry Organization will be given. In the second section, we will treat 19th century westernization movements, as well as socio-cultural and economic changes. The third section will include significant regulations on forestry, forest management, and administration in the Ottoman Empire; as well as the influence of Ottoman forestry on the actual socio-economic structure. In the final section, under the title discussion and conclusion, Ottoman forestry will be examined regarding its consequences in terms of policy, economy and law.<br>A silvicultura é um assunto importante, pois o suprimento de madeira em geral e madeira para consumo humano direto, além de seus efeitos positivos sobre o aquecimento global e sobre a diversidade biológica, trata de uma história que remonta à antiguidade. Como um setor de trabalho intensivo nos países em desenvolvimento, mantém interações com a gestão dos recursos naturais, relações públicas e estrutura socioeconômica. Ela pode afetar a prosperidade dos países, seja positiva ou negativamente. Assim, uma análise da história da silvicultura tem importância, porque não só lança luz sobre a sua condição passada e presente, mas também explica as melhorias para a proteção das florestas. Assim, na primeira parte deste estudo, serão dadas informações gerais sobre o Sistema de Terras e Florestas e Organização Otomano. Na segunda seção, serão tratados movimentos da ocidentalização do século 19, bem como alterações socioculturais e econômicas. A terceira seção irá incluir regulamentos significativos na silvicultura, manejo florestal e administração no Império Otomano, bem como a influência da silvicultura Otomano na atual estrutura socioeconômica. Na seção final, no âmbito da discussão do título e conclusão, a silvicultura Otomano será analisada em relação as suas consequências em termos de economia, política e direito