Index of Personal Names

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Bibliography

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Chapter 1: The Skeleton

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The effect of pregnancy on the survival of women diagnosed with breast cancer

Neðst á síðunni er hægt að nálgast greinina í heild sinni með því að smella á hlekkinn View/OpenObjective: To answer the question whether the prognosis of women with breast cancer is affected by pregnancy after diagnosis. Material and methods: We used information from the Icelandic Cancer Registry, the Birth Registry and the Genetic Committee. We identified all women who were diagnosed with breast cancer in the years 1927-1992 and who later became pregnant. Controls were women without a history of childbirth after diagnosis of breast cancer. They were matched on tumour size, axillary lymph node status and years of birth and diagnosis, with four year deviation. Results: In the years 1927-1992, 838 women at ages below 50 were diagnosed with breast cancer in Iceland. Of those, 29 gave birth to a child after the diagnosis. Fourteen cases and 33 matched controls fulfilled the inclusion criteria of the study. Survival was better in the group of women who became pregnant after diagnosis, but the difference was not statistically significant (P=0.06). Discussion: Our results do not indicate that the prognosis of women who become pregnant after the diagnosis of breast cancer is worse than of those who do not become pregnant. The group was too small to make definite conclusions. However, the results are in concordance with results from other studies.Tilgangur: Að leita svara við þeirri spurningu hvort horfur kvenna með brjóstakrabbamein versni við að eignast börn eftir greiningu. Efniviður og aðferðir: Notaðar voru upplýsingar frá Krabbameinsskrá, Fæðingaskráningu og Erfðafræðinefnd. Í rannsóknarhópnum voru konur sem greindust yngri en 50 ára með brjóstakrabbamein á árunum 1927-1992 og eignuðust síðar börn. Fundin voru viðmið sem einnig höfðu greinst með brjóstakrabbamein en höfðu ekki eignast börn eftir greiningu. Þessi viðmið voru sambærileg við sjúklingana varðandi stærð æxlis og eitlaíferð auk greiningar- og fæðingarára með fjögurra ára fráviki. Niðurstöður: Á árunum 1927-1992 greindust 838 konur yngri en 50 ára með brjóstakrabbamein, þar af eignuðust 29 konur börn í kjölfarið. Fjórtán þessara kvenna uppfylltu aðgangsskilyrði rannsóknarinnar. Fyrir þær fundust 33 viðmið. Lífshorfur reyndust vera betri í hópi þeirra kvenna sem áttu börn eftir greiningu brjóstakrabbameinsins, en munurinn var ekki tölfræðilega marktækur (P=0,06). Umræður: Niðurstöður okkar gefa ekki til kynna að barnsfæðing í kjölfar greiningar brjóstakrabbameins hafi slæm áhrif á horfur. Hópurinn er of lítill til þess að draga megi almennar ályktanir á grundvelli hans, en niðurstöðurnar eru í samræmi við erlendar rannsóknir

Theoretical prediction of airplane stability derivatives at subcritical speeds

The theoretical development and application is described of an analysis for predicting the major static and rotary stability derivatives for a complete airplane. The analysis utilizes potential flow theory to compute the surface flow fields and pressures on any configuration that can be synthesized from arbitrary lifting bodies and nonplanar thick lifting panels. The pressures are integrated to obtain section and total configuration loads and moments due side slip, angle of attack, pitching motion, rolling motion, yawing motion, and control surface deflection. Subcritical compressibility is accounted for by means of the Gothert similarity rule

Liver metastases of unknown origin

Neðst á síðunni er hægt að nálgast greinina í heild sinni með því að smella á hlekkinn View/OpenObjective: Approximately 5% of cancer patients are diagnosed with tumour of unknown origin (3-4% in Iceland). Of those 10-30% have . Liver metastases of unknown origin is thus not an uncommon problem. In the present study information about the origin and histology of liver metastases of unknown origin was compiled. Material and methods: Records of all biopsies from liver metastases performed in the years 1987-1996 were retrieved from the medical database of the Department of Pathology at the University of Iceland. The biopsies came from a group of 176 patients. Ninety-two cases, in which the origin of the primary tumour was suspected or known, were excluded from the study, leaving 84 cases where the primary was completely unknown. The database of the Icelandic Cancer Society was used to gather data about the final tissue diagnosis and the location of the primary tumour when known. Results: The Cancer Society data revealed the location of the primary tumour in 55 of the 84 cases of liver metastases of unknown origin. The most prevalent (75%) primary tumours were cancers of the pancreas (15), lung (13) and colon/rectum (12). The tissue diagnosis was adenocarcinoma in 33 of the 55 cases. In the male patients 83% of the adenocarcinoma metastases came from the colon/rectum or pancreas. The corresponding figure for the female patients was 67%, while 20% of the tumours in females originated in the gallbladder and biliary tree. Conclusions: In two thirds of the cases of liver metastases of unknown origin the primary tumour was later discovered. The most prevalent tumours were cancers in the pancreas, lung and colon/rectum. Adenocarcinoma was the tissue diagnosis in 60% of cases.Tilgangur: Um 5% krabbameinssjúklinga greinast með æxli af óþekktum uppruna (3-4% á Íslandi). Af þeim hafa 10-30% meinvörp í lifur. Lifrarmeinvörp af óþekktum uppruna er því ekki sjaldgæft vandamál. Meinafræðingar eru oft beðnir um að skoða sýni frá lifrarmeinvörpum og koma með tillögur um staðsetningu frumæxlis. Í þessari rannsókn eru teknar saman upplýsingar um uppruna og vefjagerð lifrarmeinvarpa af óþekktum uppruna. Efniviður og aðferðir: Leitað var í skrám Rannsóknastofu Háskólans í meinafræði að öllum skráðum grófnálarsýnum frá meinvörpum í lifur frá árunum 1987-1996. Alls fundust sýni frá 176 sjúklingum. Útilokaðir voru 92 sjúklingar sem höfðu þekkt frumæxli eða vísbendingu um upprunastað. Þeir 84 sjúklingar sem eftir voru töldust hafa meinvörp af óþekktum uppruna. Könnuð var niðurstaða vefjagreiningar í gögnum Rannsóknastofunnar. Leitað var í Krabbameinsskrá Krabbameinsfélags Íslands að upplýsingum um endanlega vefjagreiningu og staðsetningu frumæxlis. Niðurstöður: Krabbameinsskrá gaf upplýsingar um staðsetningu frumæxlis hjá 55 sjúklingum af 84 sem greindust með lifrarmeinvörp af óþekktum uppruna. Algengustu frumæxlin (75%) voru krabbamein í brisi (15), lunga (13) og ristli/endaþarmi (12). Hjá 33 sjúklingum af 55 var vefjagerðin kirtlakrabbamein (adenocarcinoma). Hjá körlum voru 83% kirtlakrabbameinsmeinvarpa upprunnin í ristli eða brisi, en 67% hjá konum, þar sem 20% komu frá gallblöðru/gallvegum. Ályktanir: Í tveimur þriðju tilfella kom upprunastaður að lokum í ljós fyrir lifrarmeinvörp af óþekktum uppruna. Algengustu frumæxlin voru krabbamein í brisi, lungum og ristli/endaþarmi. Kirtlakrabbamein var vefjagreiningin í 60% tilfella

Hepatocellular carcinoma in Iceland

Neðst á síðunni er hægt að nálgast greinina í heild sinni með því að smella á hlekkinn View/OpenIntroduction: The incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) varies throughout the world, being relatively low in Northern Europe (less than five per 100,000 population) where the majority of the patients have cirrhosis. In Iceland the prevalence of viral hepatitis and cirrhosis, the main risk factors for HCC, is lower than reported in many other countries. The aim of our study was to investigate the incidence and etiology of HCC in Iceland. Material and methods: All patients diagnosed with HCC in Iceland in 1984-1998 were included in the study. Histologic diagnosis was required for inclusion. Patients were identified from the Icelandic Cancer Registry and by reviewing autopsy and histopathology reports. Further information was obtained from medical records. Results: A total of 71 cases of HCC were identified, 51 males and 20 females. The mean age for males was 69.3 years (18-95) and 73 years (52-89) for females. The age-standardized annual incidence rate of HCC was 1.08/100,000 (males 2.10, females 0.67). The incidence did not increase significantly during the study period. Alcohol abuse (15.5%) and hemochromatosis (11%) were the most common risk factors. Twenty-three (32%) had cirrhosis but 39 (55%) had no known risk factors. Of 55 cases where non-neoplastic tissue was available for examination, 27 had liver disease. Conclusions: 1) The incidence of HCC in Iceland is lower than reported in other countries. 2) Alcohol abuse and hemochromatosis are the most common risk factors. 3) The ratio of patients with cirrhosis is low

Consumption of Fish Products across the Lifespan and Prostate Cancer Risk

Objective: To examine whether fish and fish oil consumption across the lifespan is associated with a lower risk of prostate cancer. Design: The study was nested among 2268 men aged 67–96 years in the AGES-Reykjavik cohort study. In 2002 to 2006, dietary habits were assessed, for early life, midlife and later life using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Participants were followed for prostate cancer diagnosis and mortality through 2009 via linkage to nationwide cancer- and mortality registers. Adjusting for potential confounders, we used regression models to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and hazard ratios (HRs) for prostate cancer according to fish and fish oil consumption. Results: Among the 2268 men, we ascertained 214 prevalent and 133 incident prostate cancer cases, of which 63 had advanced disease. High fish consumption in early- and midlife was not associated with overall or advanced prostate cancer. High intake of salted or smoked fish was associated with a 2-fold increased risk of advanced prostate cancer both in early life (95% CI: 1.08, 3.62) and in later life (95% CI: 1.04, 5.00). Men consuming fish oil in later life had a lower risk of advanced prostate cancer [HR (95%CI): 0.43 (0.19, 0.95)], no association was found for early life or midlife consumption. Conclusions: Salted or smoked fish may increase risk of advanced prostate cancer, whereas fish oil consumption may be protective against progression of prostate cancer in elderly men. In a setting with very high fish consumption, no association was found between overall fish consumption in early or midlife and prostate cancer risk

Stefka Georgieva Eriksen: Writing and Reading in Medieval Manuscript Culture. The Translation and Transmission of the Story of Elye in Old French and Old Norse Literary Contexts

In a deftly conducted study, Stefka G. Eriksen shows in practice how a carefully controlled multidisciplinary approach can enrich the study of medieval literature. Informed by recent and less recent findings by scholars on the status of reading and writing in medieval culture, and combining translation studies, polysystem theory and a materialist ex­ami­nation of manuscripts in the spirit of new philology, Eriksen’s book demonstrates convincingly how new thinking can cast fresh light on old problems but also allow new questions to be posed. Quite a lot has been done, in recent decades, to further our understanding of the translation, transmission and reception of Old French literature in Scandinavia from the early 13th century onwards, thanks to the pioneering work of scholars such as Marianne E. Kalinke, Eyvind Fjeld Halvorsen, Geraldine Barnes and many others. Eriksen is one of several newcomers to the field—among them one should mention Sif Ríkharðsdóttir and her 2012 book Medieval Translations and Cultural Discourse. The Movement of Texts in England, France and Scandinavia—who are proposing new ways of approaching this literary phenomenon, by thinking of them in terms of adaptation and exchange between linguistic areas and cultural milieus

Gastric cancer and Helicobacter pylori: a combined analysis of 12 case control studies nested within prospective cohorts

BACKGROUND: The magnitude of the association between Helicobacter pylori and incidence of gastric cancer is unclear. H pylori infection and the circulating antibody response can be lost with development of cancer; thus retrospective studies are subject to bias resulting from classifi- cation of cases as H pylori negative when they were infected in the past. AIMS: To combine data from all case control studies nested within prospective cohorts to assess more reliably the relative risk of gastric cancer associated with H pylori infection.To investigate variation in relative risk by age, sex, cancer type and subsite, and interval between blood sampling and cancer diagnosis. METHODS: Studies were eligible if blood samples for H pylori serology were collected before diagnosis of gastric cancer in cases. Identified published studies and two unpublished studies were included. Individual subject data were obtained for each. Matched odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated for the association between H pylori and gastric cancer. RESULTS: Twelve studies with 1228 gastric cancer cases were considered. The association with H pylori was restricted to noncardia cancers (OR 3.0; 95% CI 2.3–3.8) and was stronger when blood samples for H pylori serology were collected 10+ years before cancer diagnosis (5.9; 3.4–10.3). H pylori infection was not associated with an altered overall risk of cardia cancer (1.0; 0.7–1.4). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that 5.9 is the best estimate of the relative risk of non-cardia cancer associated with H pylori infection and that H pylori does not increase the risk of cardia cancer. They also support the idea that when H pylori status is assessed close to cancer diagnosis, the magnitude of the non-cardia association may be underestimated