Analyse comparative des conceptions de l’enfant et des institutions de l’adoption dans le monde arabo-musulman et en Occident : une réconciliation est-elle possible?

Ce mémoire traite du droit de l’adoption dans une perspective comparative entre régimes arabo-musulman, français et québécois. Dans un premier temps est abordée la place de l’enfant dans l’Islam : de sa conception au sein de la famille musulmane à l’ensemble de ses droits selon le droit religieux. Ce tour d’horizon permet d’aborder l’épineux problème de l’interdiction de l’adoption par le Coran et les alternatives qui ont été développées pour y remédier, plus particulièrement la kafala. La kafala sera expliquée et située dans l’ordre public international, puis examinée au regard de quatre législations arabes : le Maroc, la Tunisie, l’Algérie et le Liban. Dans un deuxième temps, la question sera examinée d’un point de vue occidental. Il y sera analysé la possibilité et les difficultés entourant l’application des règles musulmanes de statut personnel en France et au Québec. Finalement sera abordé l’accueil que ces deux sociétés ont réservé à la kafala dans leur système respectif.This thesis examines adoption law in comparative perspectives between Arab-Muslim, French and Quebec legal systems. First is reviewed the position of children within Islamic law: from a child’s legal status within the traditional Muslim family, to its aggregate statutory rights within Shari’a law. This overview subsequently allows for a discourse on the ban to adopt in the Qu’ran, and the alternatives developed around this thorny issue, notably the idea of “guardianship” or “kafala”. Specifically, the Kafala is reviewed with regards to international public policy and vis-à-vis four different legislative contexts: Morocco, Tunisia, Algeria and Lebanon. Secondly, the issue is then judged from a Western perspective; discussing hitherto the problems surrounding the application of Muslim law on personal statutory rights in France, and on personal statutory rights in Quebec. Finally, this thesis considers how the latter two societies have welcomed the concept of Kafala within their respective legal systems

Cross-sectional associations between lunch-type consumed on a school day and British adolescents’ overall diet quality

Diet quality of children consuming school meals tends to be better than that of children consuming packed lunches (from home) or food bought outside school. This study investigates the association between different types of lunch consumed in a school day and diet quality of UK adolescents. A total of 2118 British adolescents were included from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey (Years 1–8; between 2008 and 2016). All participants attended school and were aged 11–18 years with valid 3 or 4-day diary records and the analyses were stratified by age group (11–14 and 15–18 years). The Diet Quality Index for Adolescents (DQI-A) tool consisting of three components; diet quality, diversity and equilibrium, was used to assess adherence to dietary recommendations. Overall DQI-A scores range from –33 to 100%. Overall mean DQI-A score for all adolescents was low at 21.1%. Fewer (17.4%) adolescents reported buying lunches from cafés and shops, compared to adolescents consuming cooked school meals and packed lunches (28.3% and 36.6%, respectively), and they had the lowest DQI-A% score of 14.8%. Adolescents having cooked school meals (reference group) had a higher overall DQI-A% of 21.8%. Diet quality scores of older adolescents having packed lunches and shop/café-bought lunches were 5.5% higher (CI 2.7 to 8.4%; p < 0.01) and 5.0% lower (CI 8.1 to 2.0%; p < 0.01) than cooked school meals respectively, after adjusting for gender, region, energy under-reporting and equivalised household income. For younger adolescents the results were attenuated particularly among packed lunch consumers. UK adolescents generally consume a poor quality diet and adolescents purchasing lunches from outside the school gates have the lowest quality diets. Unlike with older children there is little difference between school meals and packed lunches for younger children. Regulation policies on food outlets around secondary schools as well as improving food choices within school premises are needed

Examining school day dietary quality : an analysis of national dietary data from the 2004 and 2015 Canadian Community Health Surveys

Schools have the potential to contribute to obesity prevention by promoting healthy eating and physical activity. Since 2004, ten Canadian provinces have created policies regarding foods and beverages that can be offered in schools, yet little is known about what Canadian children eat and drink at school, the sources of the foods and beverages consumed, and how children’s dietary quality has changed, if at all, over the last decade. Drawing from nationally representative dietary surveys, this thesis includes three studies aimed at filling knowledge gaps regarding Canadian children’s dietary quality on school days. The first study characterised the dietary contributions of foods consumed during school hours relative to the overall diet, and sociodemographic factors associated with school hour dietary quality. In 2004, children age 6-17 years consumed approximately one-third of their daily calories during school hours, but energy-adjusted intake of milk products and key nutrients (for example, calcium and vitamin D) was relatively lower during school hours compared to non-school hours. Meanwhile, the school hour contribution from minimally nutritious foods was higher than the average school hour energy contribution. Differences in diet quality scores were poorly explained by sociodemographic factors, although school hour dietary quality differed by age group and province of residence. The second study evaluated associations between lunch-time food source and children’s dietary quality. In 2004, 73% of children reported bringing lunch from home, with few students obtaining lunch off-campus or at school. Children consuming foods from home had more favourable nutrient intake profiles compared to children obtaining foods off-campus. However, regardless of lunch-time food source, the quality of foods consumed was, on average, sub-optimal in relation to national dietary guidance. The third study assessed changes in dietary quality of Canadian children from 2004 to 2015. Average self-reported dietary quality of Canadian children during school hours and on school days improved modestly but remained below national dietary standards. More effective efforts are needed to improve Canadian children’s dietary quality. Initiatives that focus on increasing the consumption of vegetables, whole fruit, whole grains and dairy products have the potential to improve Canadian children’s dietary quality.Land and Food Systems, Faculty ofGraduat

Of Rice and Spice: Hmong Livelihoods and Diversification in the Northern Vietnam Uplands

ISSN 1919‐0581Highland ethnic minority Hmong livelihoods in Sa Pa district, Lao Cai province, northern Vietnam resonate with adaptability, having flexed to accommodate and respond to diverse macro level political and economic circumstances through time. This paper focuses on this flexibility during the socialist and post-socialist periods. We illustrate the decisions of the State that have directly affected Hmong households in the Northern Highlands during this transition, and then, using ethnographic fieldwork data, turn to concentrate on Hmong reactions and their survival and coping strategies during these two contrasting periods. We then focus on current day Hmong livelihood portfolios, unravelling the specific features that allow Hmong households to adapt to local level political and economic transformations, including the creation of a National Park and limits to forest resource access as well as emerging market opportunities

Who Misses Lunch on School Days in Canada?

This study assessed the prevalence and predictors of not eating lunch on school days among Canadian children using dietary data from the 2015 Canadian Community Health Survey- Nutrition (n = 2,991 children aged 6–17 years). On a given school day, more than 1 in 20 students reported eating no lunch. Students were more likely to miss lunch if they were older, lived in a food insecure household, or smoked. Sex, ethnicity, income and weight status were not associated with lunch consumption. Future research is needed to fully understand the frequency, causes and consequences of missing lunch on school days in Canada.Land and Food Systems, Faculty ofNon UBCReviewedFacult

Differences in the Quantity and Types of Foods and Beverages Consumed by Canadians between 2004 and 2015

This study examined differences in food and beverage intake estimated from nationally representative surveys of Canadians in 2004 and 2015 collected through the Canadian Community Health Surveys. Differences in mean daily energy intake and amounts of food consumed were compared between 2004 and 2015 and across age groups for all energy reporters (aged 2 years+) and among only plausible energy reporters. From 2004 to 2015, mean energy intake decreased by 228 kcal/day (all energy reporters) and 74 kcal/day (plausible energy reporters). Canadians reported consuming more daily servings of meat and alternatives but fewer servings of vegetables and fruit and milk and alternatives in 2015 compared to 2004. Analyses of food subgroups revealed that Canadians reported consuming more daily servings of dark green and orange vegetables, dairy products, legumes, nuts and seeds, and eggs but fewer servings of potatoes, other vegetables, fruit juices, fluid milk, and sugar-sweetened beverages in 2015 compared to 2004. While some aspects of the Canadian diet have improved, daily mean intake of other nutritious foods either stagnated or worsened over time. Continued attention is needed to improve population-level intakes of vegetables, fruit, whole grains, and protein foods such as legumes, nuts, seeds, and lower fat dairy products.Land and Food Systems, Faculty ofNon UBCReviewedFacult

Correction : Tugault-Lafleur C.N. and Black J.L. “Differences in the Quantity and Types of Foods and Beverages Consumed by Canadians between 2004 and 2015” Nutrients 2019, 11, 526

We would like to submit the following corrections to our recently published paper [...]Other UBCReviewedFacult

Examining school day dietary intakes among Canadian children

Understanding how dietary intakes vary over the course of the school day can help inform targeted school-based interventions, but little is known about the distribution or determinants of school day dietary intakes in Canada. This study examined differences between school hour and non-school hour dietary intakes and assessed demographic and socio-economic correlates of school hour diet quality among Canadian children. Nationally representative data from the Canadian Community Health Survey were analyzed using 24-h dietary recalls falling on school days in 2004 (n = 4827). Differences in nutrient and food group densities during and outside of school hours and differences in School Heathy Eating Index (School-HEI) scores across socio-demographic characteristics were examined using survey-weighted, linear regression models. Children reported consuming, on average, 746 kcal during school hours (1/3 of their daily energy intakes). Vitamin A, D, B12, calcium, and dairy products densities were at least 20% lower during school hours compared to non-school hours. Differences in School-HEI scores were poorly explained by socio-demographic factors, although age and province of residence emerged as significant correlates. The school context provides an important opportunity to promote healthy eating, particularly among adolescents who have the poorest school hour dietary practices. The nutritional profile of foods consumed at school could be potentially improved with increased intake of dairy products, thereby increasing intakes of protein, vitamin A, D, calcium and magnesium.The accepted manuscript in pdf format is listed with the files at the bottom of this page. The presentation of the authors' names and (or) special characters in the title of the manuscript may differ slightly between what is listed on this page and what is listed in the pdf file of the accepted manuscript; that in the pdf file of the accepted manuscript is what was submitted by the author