Design and Practical Realization of the Brake System for Demonstration Electric Vehicle

Import 05/08/2014Obsahem diplomové práce je teoretický návrh a praktická realizace brzdového systému demonstračního vozidla s elektrickým pohonem. Úvodem je popis obecné hydraulické brzdové soustavy. Poté následuje část věnovaná konkrétnímu teoretickému návrhu. Zde je podrobně popsán výběr a dimenzování jednotlivých komponent jak mechanické, tak elektronické části systému. Další část práce pojednává o praktické realizaci systému. Konkrétně jde o realizaci prototypu řídicí jednotky, popis na zakázku vyrobených mechanických dílů, rozbor vyvinutého aplikačního software řídicí jednotky a začlenění soustavy mezi elektronické systémy vozidla. V poslední části práce je přiblíženo testování a ověřování funkčnosti systému během jeho vývoje.The content of this thesis is theoretical proposal and practical realization of demonstration electrical vehicle brake system. As introduction there is description of common hydraulic brake system. Then there follows part which is dedicated to theoretical proposal. There is described in detail selection and dimensioning of components, which belongs to both mechanical and electrical part of the system. Next part discusses practical realization of the system; specifically realization of ECU prototype, description of custom made mechanical parts, analysis of developed application software for ECU and integration of the brake system among other electronic systems of the vehicle. In the last part, there is brought closer testing and verifying of the system functionality during the development.430 - Katedra elektronikyvýborn

On the Existence of the FCC Uranium

Diffusion studies in the system U - S, employing the couples U - US, U - US2 and U -- U3S5 revealed the existence of new FCC phase with the composition ranging from approx. U20S to U8S. The lattice parameter of the phase as obta ~ned in the diffusion couple is 4.95 ± 0.01 A. The same phase can be also obtained by the arc melting of the mixtures of U and US or U and S in the appropriate proportions, if followed by the heat treatment at 1900 °c during at least four hours. It is believed that this is a crystal structure modification of uranium stabilized by the addition of a small quantity of nonmetal atoms, where S and N play a mayor role. The same phase has been obtained through the addition of approximately 9 a/o of Se, Te, P, As, Sb, Bi, C and Si. Although the effect of the stabilization is not yet completely understood all samples contain a FCC phase and posess virtually the same lattice parameter as the phase containing sulphur. The experimental density amounts 14.21 g cm·:i. The calculated density is 13.21 g cm-3

Selective Oxidation of Zirconium in Zr2Cu

The high-temperature oxidation of Zr2Cu in dry oxygen is characterized by selective oxidation of zirconium. The excess of copper is accumulated in the matrix alloy at the alloy-oxide interface forming the Zr8Cu5 phase. The oxide layer consists of monoclinic ZrO2 and a small amount of CuO. Additionally, tetragonal ZrO2 appears up to 873 K at the surface, and Cu2O is formed above 873 K, deeper in the oxide layer. The reaction kinetics obeys a parabolic rate law. An activation energy of 54.4 kJ/mol has been estimated in the temperature range 773-1123 K. An anomalous decrease of the oxidation rate occurs at 1155-1223 K, after a strong reaction at 1073-1150 K

Selective Oxidation of Zirconium in Zr2Cu

The high-temperature oxidation of Zr2Cu in dry oxygen is characterized by selective oxidation of zirconium. The excess of copper is accumulated in the matrix alloy at the alloy-oxide interface forming the Zr8Cu5 phase. The oxide layer consists of monoclinic ZrO2 and a small amount of CuO. Additionally, tetragonal ZrO2 appears up to 873 K at the surface, and Cu2O is formed above 873 K, deeper in the oxide layer. The reaction kinetics obeys a parabolic rate law. An activation energy of 54.4 kJ/mol has been estimated in the temperature range 773-1123 K. An anomalous decrease of the oxidation rate occurs at 1155-1223 K, after a strong reaction at 1073-1150 K

Effect of Amine Fluoride on Enamel Surface Morphology

In this in vitro study, examination of the enamel surface morphology after topical application of an amine fluoride solution with different fluoride (F) content was carried out. Sound human enamel slabs were treated with an amine fluoride solution containing either 1.0, 0.5 or 0.25% F for 3 min. during 3 days. All slabs were examined using scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) qualitative analysis. The globular precipitates were revealed in all treated specimens, regardless of F content. The distribution of the deposits was more homogeneous in groups treated with higher concentrations; however, the globules were larger and more cubical in groups treated with lower fluoride concentrations. These larger globules could be less soluble and thus serve as a fluoride reservoir for a more extended period and so they could contribute to the caries preventive effect in professional topical products with lower fluoride concentration. Following the 24-hour treatment with KOH the precipitates could be removed; however, the enamel surfaces covered with the precipitates were less degraded than the untreated enamel. The EDS qualitative analysis showed that the intensities of fluoride signals were increased with the higher concentration of fluoride in an amine fluoride solution, while the intensities of calcium signals were decreased. The enamel surface precipitates were alkali-soluble, but we were not able to demonstrate that they are pure calcium fluoride

Scanning electron microscope study of early bacterial penetration of human enamel in initial caries

Za istraživanje bakterijskog prodora u caklinu tokom najranijih manifestacija karijesnog procesa korištena je intaktna bukalna caklina 8 impaktiranih trećih trajnih donjih molara. Nakon čišćenja od organskih naslaga, svaka bukalna ploha je izrezana na pet segmenata od kojih je jedan korišten kao kontrolni uzorak, a četiri su fiksirana u utore na parcijalnim protezama dobrovoljaca. Uzorci su boravili u ustima 7, 14, 21 i 28 dana izloženi djelovanju karijesogenih faktora. Nakon odstranjenja organskih naslaga, uzorci su prelomljeni na pola. Na frakturnom poprečnom presjeku promatrana je scanning elektronskim mikroskopom bakterijska penetracija u caklinu. Kod četiri uzorka iz grupe koja je bila oralno eksponirana 7 dana nađene su na dubini od 5 do 10µm pojedinačne baktrije kokoidnog ili bacilarnog oblika. Broj bakterija i dubina do koje su prodrle u caklinu su rasli s duljinom vremena koje su uzorci proveli u ustima. U uzorcima od 28 dana oralne eksponiranosti zapažene su i pojedinačne bakterije i u kolonijama i do dubine od 60 do 90µm. Te bakterije unutar cakline preko sistema pora komuniciraju sa slinom i plakom, što im omogućuje produkciju metabolita, uključivo i mliječne kiseline, što im omogućuje da se same probijaju kroz caklinu, a time i mijenjaju tok i brzinu širenja karijesnog procesa.Bacterial penetration of enamel during initial manifestations of the carious process was studied in intact buccal enamel of 8 impacted third permanent molars. After cleaning them from organic plaque, each buccal plane was cut into five segments, one of them serving as a control specimen and the other four being fixed into slots on partial prostheses of our volunteers. The specimens were left in oral cavity for 7, 14, 21 and 28 days, where they were exposed to the action of cariogenic factors. After removal of the organic plaque, the specimens were broken in two and the bacterial penetration into enamel was observed on the fractured cross-section using scanning electron microscope. In 4 specimens from the group orally exposed during a 7-day period, individual coccoid or bacilliform bacteria were found to have penetrated 5 -1 0 µm deep. The number of bacteria and the depth of their penetration into enamel increased with the duration of oral exposition. Among the specimens oraly exposed during 28 days, bacteria were observed to be present both individually and in colonies, penetrating to the depth of 6 0 -9 0 µm. These bacteria could quite easily communicate with saliva and plaque via the pore system, which allowed them to produce metabolites, including lactic acids. This, in turn, allowed them to penetrate through the enamel, thus altering both the course and rate of the carious process progression

Karakterizacija liotropnih tekućih kristala upotrebom transmisijske i ”scanning” elektronske mikroskopije

The morphology of freshly prepared as well as of aged cadmium dodecylbenzenesulphonate precipitates showed significant differences between the crystalline and liquid crystalline samples, as shown by transmission-, and scanning electron microscopy at room temperature. Since water evaporated from the samples during the investigation, the remaining material from the liquid crystalline phase gave data on the shape and size of the aggregates. It was shown that electron microscopy at room temperature gives useful information on the lyotropic liquid crystalline phases, presuming the physical parameters were compared with some other techniques, such as X-ray diffraction and light microscopy using crossed polarizers.Pri promatranju pomoću transmisijske i ”scanning” elektronske mikroskopije, morfologija liotropnih tekućih kristala kadmium dodecilbenzensulfonata, kako svježe pripremljenog, tako i starenog uzorka, pokazuje značajne razlike u usporedbi s morfologijom kristalne faze. Budući da istraživanje uzrokuje isparavanje vode iz uzorka, obrisi zaostalog čvrstog materijala faze tekućih kristala mogu indicirati oblik i veličinu čestica. Pokazano je da elektronska mikroskopija pri sobnoj temperaturi može dati korisne informacije za istraživanje liotropnih tekućih kristala, ako se fizikalni parametri mogu potvrditi i drugim tehnikama, sto je načinjeno istraživanjem difrakcije X-zračenja i svjetlosnom mikroskopijom uz ukrižene polarizatore

Electron-microscopic examination of the accessory foramina on the apical of human teeth root region

Akcesorni kanalići daju korijenskom kanalu obilježje vrlo složenog morfološko-anatomskog dijela zuba. U istraživanju smo koristili apekse humanih jednokorijenskih zuba izvađenih iz ortodontskih i pa- rodontoloških razloga. Nakon fiksacije 10%-tnim formalinom, čišćenja 5°/o-tnim natrijevim hipokloritom i dehidracije alkoholom, uzorci su napareni zlatom i promatrani elektronskim mikroskopom. Rezultati pokazuju da su akcesorni kanalići u apikalnoj regiji korijena zuba pravilo, a ne izuzetak. Redovito se mogu zapaziti 3 do 4 veća otvora promjera od 100 do 250 um i veliki broj manjih otvora promjera od 10 do 60 lim, Dio manjih otvora je pokazivao znakove zatvaranja cementnom supstancijom. Akcesorni kanalići poboljšavaju opskrbu krvlju zdravog zuba, ali kod oboljenja pulpe i endodontskog liječenja mogu biti dodatni problem, komplicirati liječenje i učestvovati u njegovom neuspjehu.The accessory canals make the root canal a very complex anatomico- -morphological part of a tooth. In this study, apices of human single- -root teeth extracted for orthodontic or periodontologic reasons were used. Following fixation with 10% formalin, cleaning with 5% sodium hypochlorite and alcohol dehydration, the samples were evaporated with gold and observed by scanning electron microscop. The results obtained have shown that the accessory canals in the root apical region are by no means exceptions, but occur as a rule. Three to four major orifices of 100—250 ¡.im in diameter and a large number of minor foramina of 10-60 Am could be generally seen. Some of the minor foramina revealed the signs of closure with a cement substance. Accessory canals improve the health tooth perfusion, but in the di-sease affecting the pulp as well as in the endodontic tratment they may present an additional problem, make the treatment more compli-cated and even contribute to its failure

On the Existence of the FCC Uranium

Diffusion studies in the system U - S, employing the couples U - US, U - US2 and U -- U3S5 revealed the existence of new FCC phase with the composition ranging from approx. U20S to U8S. The lattice parameter of the phase as obta ~ned in the diffusion couple is 4.95 ± 0.01 A. The same phase can be also obtained by the arc melting of the mixtures of U and US or U and S in the appropriate proportions, if followed by the heat treatment at 1900 °c during at least four hours. It is believed that this is a crystal structure modification of uranium stabilized by the addition of a small quantity of nonmetal atoms, where S and N play a mayor role. The same phase has been obtained through the addition of approximately 9 a/o of Se, Te, P, As, Sb, Bi, C and Si. Although the effect of the stabilization is not yet completely understood all samples contain a FCC phase and posess virtually the same lattice parameter as the phase containing sulphur. The experimental density amounts 14.21 g cm·:i. The calculated density is 13.21 g cm-3