Strabismus in Retinopathy of Prematurity: Risk Factors and the Effect of Macular Ectopia

Objectives:This study aimed to examine factors associated with strabismus in patients with retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) and the relationship between strabismus and macular ectopia.Materials and Methods:Patients with ROP were divided into three groups: Group 1, patients with spontaneous regression (n=45); Group 2, patients who received laser treatment (n=70); and Group 3, patients who underwent surgical treatment (n=91). Rates of anisometropia, amblyopia, nystagmus, macular ectopia, and retinal pathologies were evaluated and their impacts on strabismus development were determined. Disc-to-fovea distance (DFD) was measured from color fundus photographs and the correlation of macular ectopia with severity of strabismus was evaluated.Results:A total of 206 patients were included. Rates of anisometropia, amblyopia, nystagmus, macular ectopia, retinal pathologies causing vision loss, and strabismus were higher in Group 3 (p=0.0001) and correlated with higher stages of ROP (p=0.0001). Macular ectopia (p=0.005), retinal pathologies (p=0.005), and amblyopia (p=0.012) had the strongest impact on strabismus development in ROP patients. DFD and strabismus severity were not significantly correlated (p=0.364). Mean visual acuity (VA) was significantly higher in orthophoric patients compared to those with esotropia and exotropia (p=0.027). Esotropic patients had lower VA compared to patients with exotropia, but this finding was not statistically significant (p=0.729).Conclusion:Presence of macular ectopia, retinal pathologies, and amblyopia were the most strongly correlated risk factors for strabismus development in ROP patients. DFD was not associated with severity of strabismus. Exotropia was mostly related to higher DFD and a possible relationship between esotropia and lower VA was observed

Adjuvant therapy of histopathological risk factors of retinoblastoma in Europe: A survey by the European Retinoblastoma Group (EURbG)

Chemotherapy; Childhood cancer; RadiotherapyQuimioterapia; Cáncer infantil; RadioterapiaQuimioteràpia; Càncer infantil; RadioteràpiaIntroduction Advanced intraocular retinoblastoma can be cured by enucleation, but spread of retinoblastoma cells beyond the natural limits of the eye is related to a high mortality. Adjuvant therapy after enucleation has been shown to prevent metastasis in children with risk factors for extraocular retinoblastoma. However, histological criteria and adjuvant treatment regimens vary and there is no unifying consensus on the optimal choice of treatment. Method Data on guidelines for adjuvant treatment in European retinoblastoma referral centres were collected in an online survey among all members of the European Retinoblastoma Group (EURbG) network. Extended information was gathered via personal email communication. Results Data were collected from 26 centres in 17 countries. Guidelines for adjuvant treatment were in place at 92.3% of retinoblastoma centres. There was a consensus on indication for and intensity of adjuvant treatment among more than 80% of all centres. The majority of centres use no adjuvant treatment for isolated focal choroidal invasion or prelaminar optic nerve invasion. Patients with massive choroidal invasion or postlaminar optic nerve invasion receive adjuvant chemotherapy, while microscopic invasion of the resection margin of the optic nerve or extension through the sclera are treated with combined chemo- and radiotherapy. Conclusion Indications and adjuvant treatment regimens in European retinoblastoma referral centres are similar but not uniform. Further biomarkers in addition to histopathological risk factors could improve treatment stratification. The high consensus in European centres is an excellent foundation for a common European study with prospective validation of new biomarkers.Open access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL

Economic and social change after 1980 in the stories of Mustafa Kutlu

YÖK Tez: 677678Türkiye, dünyada gerçekleşen gelişmelere de paralel olarak sosyal değişimin hızlı ve yoğun olarak yaşandığı coğrafyalardan biridir. Türkiye toplumunu anlamak için, iktisadi hayatın genellikle temel şekillendiricisi olduğu bu değişimin incelenmesi ve derinlemesine irdelenmesi gerekmektedir. Hikâye türünün çağdaş ve güçlü temsilcilerinden olan Mustafa Kutlu, eserlerinde Türkiye'nin ve toplumunun yaşadığı sosyal ve iktisadi değişim, gelişim ve dönüşüme yer ve önem vererek bir anlam dünyası oluşturan ve sorunlara çareler arayan bir yazardır. Bu çalışma, Türkiye'de 1980 ve sonrasında yaşanan sosyal dönüşüm ve iktisadi gelişmeleri Kutlu'nun hikâyelerindeki konular, portreler, tasvirler ve olaylar üzerinden yaklaşarak incelemektedir. Bu kapsamda önce bu gelişmeler kronolojik olarak ve konularına tasnif edilerek incelenmiştir. Ardından edebiyatın bu konulara yaklaşımı roman ve hikâye başta olmak üzere edebi türler açısından irdelenmiştir. Mustafa Kutlu'nun hayatı ve eserleri tanıtılarak içinde yaşadığı topluma dair bakış açısı ortaya konmuştur. Son kısımda Mustafa Kutlu'nun kitapları taranarak bir içerik analizi yapılmıştır. Yöntem olarak nitel araştırma desenlerinden durum çalışması, veri toplama tekniği olarak doküman analizi kullanılmıştır. Bu bağlamda konu; siyasi gelişmeler, göç, kentleşme, kültürel değişim, ekonomik gelişmeler, tüketim toplumuna geçiş ve bireyin yalnızlaşması boyutlarıyla araştırılmıştır.Turkey is one of the regions where social change is experienced rapidly and intensely in parallel with the developments in the world. Economic life is generally the main motivator of this change and it is necessary to examine the transformation and make a good observation of the developments. Mustafa Kutlu, a contemporary and powerful representative of the story genre, is a writer who creates a world of meaning and seeks solutions to problems by giving place and importance to the social and economic change, development and transformation experienced by Turkey and its society in his works. This study examines the social transformation and economic developments in Turkey in 1980 and after, by approaching them through the subjects, portraits, descriptions and events in Kutlu's stories. In this context, these developments were examined chronologically and by classifying them. Then the approach of literature to these issues is examined in terms of literary genres, especially novels and stories. By introducing Mustafa Kutlu's life and works, his perspective on the society he lives in has been revealed. In the last part, a content analysis was made by scanning Kutlu's books. Case study from qualitative research designs was used as a method and document analysis as data collection technique. In this context, the subject has been researched with its dimensions which are political developments, immigration, urbanization, cultural change, economic developments, transition to consumer society and isolation of the individual

Erken Cumhuriyet dönemi'nden günümüze bale ve balenin Türk toplumu tarafından algılanışı

Ankara : İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent Üniversitesi İktisadi, İdari ve Sosyal Bilimler Fakültesi, Tarih Bölümü, 2012.This work is a student project of the The Department of History, Faculty of Economics, Administrative and Social Sciences, İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent University.by Selim Tezcan.Tezcan, Selim. HIST 200-01TEZCAN HIST 200-01/1 2011-1

Phenolic Constituents of Vaccinium Species from Both Natural Resources and Micropropagated Plantlets

Fruits and leaves of Vaccinium species have rich bioactive phytochemicals. These bioactive phytochemicals make these plants particularly valuable for the medical and food industry. This novel approach was designed to determine the phenolic content of Vaccinium species obtained from both micropropagated and naturally growing leaves. An efficient micropropagation protocol was developed to produce tree Vaccinium species plantlets via direct organogenesis. Lateral buds containing one or two leaves were cultured in McCown woody plant medium (WPM), supplemented with zeatin/indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) (1.0/0.1 mg L–1). In conclusion, Protocatechuic acid, Chlorogenic acid, Syringic acid and Routine phenolic compounds were determined in significant amounts. It has been determined that the phenolic compounds of leaves produced in tissue cultures is higher than the phenolic compounds obtained from naturally growing leaves

Efficacy of tenofovir and entecavir in patients who relapsed after pegylated interferon therapy

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections and sequelae present significant health problems worldwide. Two groups of medications are available for chronic HBV infection treatment: (1) interferons (IFNs) and (2) nucleos(t)ide analogues. This study aimed to evaluate entecavir (ETV) and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) efficacies in chronic HBV patients, who achieved virological response during Peg-IFN treatment but did not sustain this response and relapsed a year after treatment end. In this study, 74 patients with chronic HBV infection who had virological responses to 180 mu g/week Peg-IFN alpha-2a treatment were included; 38 (20 and 18 HBeAg positive and negative, respectively) of these patients were treated with 245 mg/day TDF, and 36 (20 and 16 HBeAg positive and negative, respectively) were treated with 0.5 mg/day ETV upon relapse after initial treatment discontinuation. In HBeAg-positive patients biochemical response rates were higher for TDF at weeks 96 and 144 (p = 0.044 and 0.019, respectively). However, biochemical response rates were similar for TDF and ETV in HBeAg-positive and HBeAg-negative groups at other weeks (p > 0.05). Virological and serological response rates were similar in patients treated with TDF and ETV in HBeAg-positive and HBeAg-negative groups (p > 0.05)

Augmented surgical amounts for intermittent exotropia to prevent recurrence

Purpose: The purpose was to evaluate the results of bilateral lateral rectus (BLR) recession which is based on augmented surgical amounts of classical surgical table of Parks′ for basic and pseudo-divergence excess type intermittent exotropia [X(T)]. Materials and Methods: Patients with X(T) operated by the same surgeon and followed-up for at least 6 months were included. Patients with prior surgery, neurobehavioral and musculoskeletal conditions, strabismus different from that mentioned above X(T) were excluded. All the patients received BLR only. The amount of the recession was increased by the amount needed to correct 5 prism diopters (PD) more X(T) than what was measured. After the operation, 1 st week, 2 nd and 6 months measurements were recorded. The patients were grouped according to their 1 st week (3-7 days) postoperative examination as: >10 PD esotropia (Group 1), ≤10 PD esotropia (Group 2), exotropia (Group 3), and orthotropic (Group 4), respectively. Final surgical outcomes were classified as "good" (≤10 PD exotropia and ≤5 PD esotropia), "recurrence" (>10 PD exotropia) and "overcorrected" (>5 esotropia). Results: Thirty-seven patients were included. The mean age was 6.78 ± 2.87 years (range: 2-12 years). Mean preoperative deviation was 29.72 ± 8.07 PD (range: 15-45 PD) at distance and 20.94 ± 11.65 PD (range: 10-45 PD) at near (P < 0.0001). There were 21 (56.8%) patients in Group 1, 9 (24.3%) patients in Group 2, 1 (2.7%) patient in Group 3 and 6 (16.2%) patients in Group 4. Initial esotropia was achieved in 30 (30/37) of the patients. Twenty-eight of them had good results at the end of the 6 months. Overall "motor surgical" success rate was found to be 89.2% (33/37 patients), with 1 (2.7%) overcorrection and 3 (8.1%) recurrences at the end of the 6 months. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that early overcorrection of 10-20 PD after X(T) surgery can achieve acceptable motor outcomes in the first 6 months postoperative period

The response to double-dose hepatitis B vaccination in patients with HIV

Objectives: Prevention of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is necessary for patients with humanimmunodeficiency virus (HIV), since co-infection is associated with increased in mortality. The aim of thisstudy was to investigate response to double-dose HBV vaccine in patients with HIV.Methods: A total of 149 patients with HIV were retrospectively evaluated. Sixty-eight patients who were HBVseronegative and administered double-dose HBV vaccine were included in the study. According to anti HBslevels, patients were evaluated in three groups: &lt; 10 mIU/mL, 10-100 mIU/mL and ≥ 100 mIU/mL. Age, sex,transmission route, smoking, alcohol-substance abuse, comorbidities, CD4+ T cells counts and HIV viral loadwere compared in three groups.Results: The rate of response to HBV vaccination (anti HBs ≥ 10 mIU/mL) was 69.1%. Age was statisticallysignificantly higher in the anti HBs &lt; 100 mIU/mL group than in the anti HBs &gt;100 mIU/mL group. The levelof anti HBs was statistically significantly lower in patients with a CD4+ T cell count &lt; 200 cells/μL (&lt; 100mIU/mL).Conclusions: The use of high-dose vaccine is a necessity as well as revaccination to improve vaccineimmunogenicity in patients with HIV. In our study, low CD4+ T lymphocyte count and older age were foundto have a negative effect on vaccine response.Keywords: HIV, HBV, co-infection, HBV vaccination, response</p