IDENTIFICATION OF BULBING HORMONE GENES IN ONION (Allium cepa)

Initiation of onion (Allium cepa L.) bulb formation seems to require “bulbing hormone” which has been considered to be produced in leaf blades in response to the stimulus of long day conditions. But “bulbing hormone” is not yet identified. Previous study revealed a protein called Flowering locusT (FT) as flowering hormone, florigen. FT act for flowering by change on the day length on the higher plants. Objective of this study is identify”bulbing hormone” in onion plants. Method used in this study are cloning gene and gene expression analysis of the FT in onion plants.Full length of cDNA was cloned by the degenerate PCR and 5’­and 3’-RACE method.As a result, six kinds of full length cDNA clones for FThomologs in onion plants were obtained.These genes were named AcFT1 to6. By expression analysis of these genes, AcFT4, 5 and 6,expression increased as it got closer to a condition in long days in association with the bulbing of onion. Furthermore, in order to investigate the functions of these genes, we optimize transformation methods for onion plants. Medium containing 2,4-Dand kinetin showed high efficient plant regeneration from seed-derived callus of onion. Medium containing 2,4-D and kinetin as plant growth regulators is effective for induction of shoot-inducible callus, and advance shoots were developed from the callus on the shoot induction medium which contained thidiazuron, benzyl adenine or trans-zeatin as cytokinins. In conclusion, bulbing hormone in onion plants were possibly gene AcFT4, 5,6.Keywords : Allium cepa L, bulbing hormone gene, Flowering locus

First Supramolecular Sensors for Phosphonate Anions

Fluorescent tripodal anion sensors with a 1,3,5-triethylbenzene core display a turn-on fluorescence response to phosphonate and phosphate anions and may be used as optical sensors. The properties of the receptors and sensors as well as their anion binding behavior were investigated both in solution and in solid state. The turn-on fluorescence response can be leveraged in sensing of phosphate anions and, most importantly, hydrolysis products of the nerve gas sarin, isopropyl methylphosphonate (IMP), and methylphosphonate (MP). The fluorescence signal amplification in the presence of anions allows for application of these molecules in a sensor microarray suitable for high-throughput screening.NSF CHE 0750303, EXP-LA 0731153BGSU (TIE Grant)Chemistr

Sensing Of Carboxylate Drugs In Urine By A Supramolecular Sensor Array

A supramolecular sensor array consisting of eight chemosensors embedded in a hydrogel matrix was used to sense carboxylate drugs. The discriminatory power of the array has been evaluated using principal component analysis and linear discriminant analysis. The eight-member sensor array has been shown to accurately identify 14 carboxylates in water with 100% classification accuracy. To demonstrate the potential for practical utility in the physiological environment, analysis of carboxylate drugs in human urine was also performed achieving 100% correct classification. In addition, the array performance in semiquantitative identification of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs has been investigated, and the results show that the sensor array is able to differentiate six typical nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs at concentrations of 0.5-100 ppm. This illustrates the potential utility of the designed sensor array for diagnostic and environmental monitoring applications

Anion Binding Modes In Meso-substituted Hexapyrrolic Calix[4]pyrrole Isomers

We report on the synthesis of a new receptor for anions, meso-substituted hexapyrrolic calix[4]pyrrole 1. The calix[4]pyrrole\u27s core features two additional pyrrole side-arms suspended above or below the calix[4]pyrrole core. This hexapyrrolic calix[4]pyrrole 1 is formed as cis- and trans-configurational isomers, the structures of which have been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The anion binding experiments revealed interesting difference in the binding mode: The cis-1 isomer binds anions in a mixed binding mode featuring a combination of hydrogen bonding and anion-pi interactions resulting in an unexpected strong binding. On the other hand, the trans-1 isomer displays only hydrogen bonding and lower affinity for anions. This is unexpected as one would assume both isomers to display the same binding modes. Overall, the titrations of 1 using UV spectrophotometry and NMR titrations by anions reveal that cis-isomer 1 displays higher affinity (10(5)-10(6) M-1) and cross-reactivity for anions, while the trans-isomer 1 shows a more selective response to anions. Such differences in binding mode in configurational isomers are so far unexplored and a feature deserving further study

Templated Synthesis Of Glycoluril Hexamer And Monofunctionalized Cucurbit[6]uril Derivatives

We report that the p-xylylenediammonium ion (11) acts as a template in the cucurbit[n]uril forming reaction that biases the reaction toward the production of methylene bridged glycoluril hexamer (6C) and bis-nor-seco-CB [10]. Hexamer 6C is readily available on the gram scale by a one step synthetic procedure that avoids chromatography. Hexamer 6C undergoes macrocylization. with (substituted) phthalaldehydes 12,14,.15, and 18-in 9 M H2SO4 or concd HCl at room temperature to deliver monofunctionalized CB[6] derivatives 13,16,17, and 19 that are poised for further functionalization reactions: The kinetics of the macrocyclization reaction between hexamer and formaldehyde or phthalaldehyde depends on the presence and identity of ammonium ions as templates p-Xylylenediammonium ion (11) Which. barely fits inside CB[6] sized cavities acts as a negative template which slows down transformation of 66 and paraformaldehyde into CB[6]. In contrast, 11 and hexanediammonium ion (20) act as a positive template that promotes the macrocyclization reaction between 6C and 12 to deliver (+/-)-21 as a key intermediate along the mechanistic pathway to CB[6] derivatives. Naphthalene-CB[6] derivative 19 which contains both fluorophore and ureidyl C=O metal-ion (e.g., Eu3+) binding sites forms the basis for a fluorescence turn-on assay for suitable ammonium ions (e.g., hexanediammonium ion and histamine)

Selective Anion Sensing By Chiral Macrocyclic Receptors With Multiple Hydrogen-bonding Sites

Chiral macrocycles featuring sulfonamide and/or amide groups as anion-binding sites were synthesized. X-ray crystal structures and DFT calculations have shown that they adopt different conformations that may lead to unique binding behavior. Indeed, various anions could be sensed by their colorimetric and/or fluorescence signal output. The chiral macrocycles showed chiral recognition for chiral anions. Furthermore, a multisensor array with two or four chiral receptors discriminated seven phosphate anions (AMP, ADP, ATP, CMP, GMP, Pi, and PPi) with 100% classification accuracy

Supramolecular Sensor For Cancer-associated Nitrosamines

A supramolecular assay based on two fluorescent cucurbit[n]uril probes enables the recognition and quantification of nitrosamines, including cancer-associated nitrosamines, compounds that are difficult to recognize. The cross-reactive sensor leverages weak interactions and competition among the probe, metal, and guest, yielding high information density in the signal output (variance) and enabling the recognition of structurally similar guests

Instantaneous measurement of high-power millimeter-wave beam for 28 GHz gyrotron

An instantaneous measurement system of high-power millimeter-wave was proposed and demonstrated with a 28 GHz gyrotron at the Plasma Research Center, University of Tsukuba. The high-power detector consists of an attenuator and a linear polarized microstrip antenna with an F-class load rectifier, which is a commonly used system for radio-frequency wireless power transmission. The detector obtained the power distribution of the gyrotron output beam which showed good agreement with the infrared camera image. The rectenna array detector received 45 W RF input power with a 0.4 ms response time. The results revealed that the proposed narrow band detector is useful as an imaging sensor and power meter for high-power millimeter-wave beam output with a wide wavelength range

Toward fluorescence-based high-throughput screening for enantiomeric excess in amines and amino acid derivatives

A highly accurate and reliable screening method for enantiomeric excess of amine derivatives in the presence of water is reported. The fluorescence-based screening system has been realized by self-assembly of chiral diol-type dyes (BINOL, VANOL and VAPOL), 2-formylphenylboronic acid, and chiral amines forming iminoboronate esters. The structure and chirality of the amine analytes determine the stability of the diastereomeric iminoboronate esters, which in turn display differential fluorescence. The fluorescence signal reflects the enantiomeric purity of the chiral amines and was utilized in high-throughput arrays. The arrays were able to recognize enantiomeric excess of amines, amino esters, and amino alcohols. In addition to qualitative analysis, quantitative experiments were successfully performed. Studies of the role of additives such as water or citrate were carried out to gain insight into the stability of the iminoboronate esters. It is shown that the above additives destabilize less stable esters while the stable esters remain unchanged. Thus, the presence of water and citrate leads to increased difference between the diastereomeric iminoboronates and contributes to the enantiodiscrimination of the chiral amines.</p