高等学校化学における「学び」の過程に関する理論的検討 : 理科教師が行う教材化や教材開発の視座を中心として

本稿は，専門領域の研究論文を専門科学者の「学び」の過程に読み替え，さらに学習者の「学び」の過程に再構成することを通して，理科教師が教材化や教材開発を行う視座に関する示唆を得ることを目的とした。Journal of Organometallic Chemistry 誌に掲載された論文を構造的に読解し，執筆者に対する論文（研究）の作成過程に関するインタビュー調査結果を基に，専門科学者の「学び」の過程への読み替えを行い，教材化や教材開発を行う上で求められる視座について分析・検討を行った。その結果，専門科学（研究）者の「学び」の過程とは，専門科学者が数多くの実験を試行する中で新しい発見や次に繋がる研究テーマを見いだしていく研究スタイル（学習過程）であり，経験したことを基に試行錯誤や条件制御をしながら，実験プランや次の研究テーマを考えていくことになるという発見的な実験を主流としたものであった。この専門科学者の「学び」の過程を，理科教師が行う教材化や教材開発の文脈に置き換えた場合，高等学校化学の実験は，どちらかといえば，与えられた実験で結果は決まっているが，とはいえ，実験を行う本人としては初めての体験である。従って，そこには多かれ少なかれ，実験を行った本人にとって何かしらの新しい発見があり，予想外のことが起きる要素はあるという視点が重要である。また，本研究により，理科教師が「科学者による知的生産の知 (scholarly knowledge)」の創成プロセスとその転置メカニズムについて知ることも，教材研究を行う上では重要な位置付けとなることが見出された。The current study aimed to attain implications for teaching material development by a science teacher, through a reframing of a specialized research paper into a “learning” process of a specialized scientist, followed by a further reconstruction into a learner’s “learning” process. We analyzed and investigated the perspectives necessary for teaching material development, through understanding the structure of a paper published in the Journal of Organometallic Chemistry, as well as interviewing with the author of the paper regarding the paper writing process. The result indicated that the process of learning of this specialized scientist was characterized by finding a research topic that led to new discoveries through conducting numerous experiments. The results indicated that the scientist focused on heuristic experiments from which he developed experiment plans and the next research topic by trial-and-error and condition control. If we were to place this “learning” process in the context of teaching material development of a science teacher, it is important to have a point of view that something new would be discovered by a student and something unexpected might occur. Although experiments in high school chemistry usually have prescribed results, experiments are new for the students. In addition, the current study elucidated the importance of a science teacher’s understanding of the creation process of “scholarly knowledge by a scientist” and its mechanism of transposition in his or her teaching material studies

Radiofrequency Ablation with the Real-Time Virtual Sonography System for Treating Hepatocellular Carcinoma Difficult to Detect by Ultrasonography

Radiofrequency ablation has been applied to treat hepatocellular carcinoma, with favorable therapeutic outcomes. Nevertheless, practitioners have approached radiofrequency ablation with some reluctance due to the difficulty of identifying isoechoic tumors and recurrent tumors. The aim of the present study is to investigate the efficacy of Real-time Virtual Sonography to treat hepatocellular carcinoma difficult to detect by conventional ultrasonography. Real-time Virtual Sonography is a system generating multiplanar reconstruction images in real-time using the Hitachi medico EUB-8500 equipped with a probe. The system included following components: 1) digital imaging and communications in medicine (DICOM) data from dynamic CT, 2) a magnetic field generator to match the multiplanar reconstruction image on the monitor and the actual ultrasonography image, 3) the cross section with the tumor displayed as a multiplanar reconstruction image. Total twenty-five nodules of twenty-one patients underwent radiofrequency ablation monitored by Real-time Virtual Sonography. All nodules difficult to detect via conventional ultrasonography were clearly visualized in real-time. The average nodule diameter was 2.4 ± 1.6 cm, and punctures and coagulation were performed an average of 2.2 and 3 times per session. Dynamic CT after session confirmed effective coagulation of each nodule. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that the present system is capable of effectively and accurately treating tumors difficult to detect by conventional ultrasonography

microRNA-875-5p plays critical role for mesenchymal condensation in epithelial-mesenchymal interaction during tooth development

Epithelial-mesenchymal interaction has critical roles for organ development including teeth, during which epithelial thickening and mesenchymal condensation are initiated by precise regulation of the signaling pathway. In teeth, neural crest-derived mesenchymal cells expressed PDGF receptors migrate and become condensed toward invaginated epithelium. To identify the molecular mechanism of this interaction, we explored the specific transcriptional start sites (TSSs) of tooth organs using cap analysis of gene expression (CAGE). We identified a tooth specific TSS detected in the chromosome 15qD1 region, which codes microRNA-875 (mir875). MiR875-5p is specifically expressed in dental mesenchyme during the early stage of tooth development. Furthermore, PRRX1/2 binds to the mir875 promoter region and enhances the expression of mir875. To assess the role of miR875-5p in dental mesenchyme, we transfected mimic miR875-5p into mouse dental pulp (mDP) cells, which showed that cell migration toward dental epithelial cells was significantly induced by miR875-5p via the PDGF signaling pathway. Those results also demonstrated that miR875-5p induces cell migration by inhibiting PTEN and STAT1, which are regulated by miR875-5p as part of post-transcriptional regulation. Together, our findings indicate that tooth specific miR875-5p has important roles in cell condensation of mesenchymal cells around invaginated dental epithelium and induction of epithelial-mesenchymal interaction

Controllable Direction of Porphyrin Derivatives in Two Cyclodextrin Cavities

Porphyrin-trimethyl-β-cyclodextrin (TMe-β-CDx) complexes have pseudorotaxane structures in which two mesophenyl and/or pyridyl moieties penetrate the upper rim of two TMe-β-CDx molecules. Porphyrin derivatives with one to three pyridyl moieties at meso-positions formed complexes with TMe-β-CDx in which penetration of the upper rim of the two TMe-β-CDxs by the pyridyl moieties was minimized. In contrast, in TMe-β-CDx complexes formed with porphyrin derivatives with two 2-methoxyphenyl moieties and two pyridyl moieties, the pyridyl moieties penetrated the upper rim of the two molecules because steric hindrance prevented penetration by the 2-methoxyphenyl moieties.This work was supported by a JSPS KAKENHI Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B) (Grant No. JP16H04133), a Grant-in-Aid for Challenging Exploratory Research (Grant No. JP16K13982), and the Electric Technology Research Foundation of Chugoku

Extra Matters Decree the Relatively Heavy Higgs of Mass about 125 GeV in the Supersymmetric Model

We show that the Higgs mass about 125 GeV is easily realized in supersymmetric model with extra matters, simultaneously explaining the anomaly in the muon anomalous magnetic moment and the dark matter density.Comment: 10 pages, 2 figures; V2: version accepted for publication of PL

20１１ネン カラ ２０１３ネン ノ ヤマガタケン ニ オケル ミッツ ノ コトナル イデンシガタ ノ ハイエン マイコプラズマ ノ チイキテキ ヒロガリ ト マクロライド タイセイ カブ シュツゲン ノ タイミング ニ カンスル ケントウ

Background: We previously revealed that several multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeat analyses（MLVA）and P1 types of Mycoplasma pneumoniae（M. pneumoniae）cocirculated between 2011 and 2013 in Yamagata, Japan. However, the regional spread of M. pneumoniae infection by genotype is not reported yet. It remains unclear whether there is a difference in the spread of macrolide-resistant M. pneumoniae among genotypes. Methods: Genotypes were labeled according to 4-locus（Mpn 13, 14, 15, and 16）MLVA and P1 types. A total of 208 strains belonging to three major genotypes, i.e., type 4-5-7-2, 1; 4-5-7-3, 1; and 3-5-6-2, 2c, were analyzed by combining with the information of macrolide resistance-associated mutation and the patients’ information including residence. Results and Discussion: The three genotypes were widely distributed over more than four cities and towns in Yamagata Prefecture, cocirculating between late 2011 and early 2013, and there was little difference in the duration of their epidemics. Timing of macrolide-resistant strain appearance during the epidemic period differed between type 4-5-7-2, 1 and type 4-5-7-3, 1, and it did not appear throughout type 3-5-6-2, 2c epidemic. These genotypic differences can account for the variation in the prevalence of macrolide resistance-associated mutations in each of the studied areas

Haplotypes of PADI4 susceptible to rheumatoid arthritis are also associated with ulcerative colitis in the Japanese population.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn\u27s disease (CD), is a chronic inflammatory disorder characterized by intractable inflammation specific to the gastrointestinal tract. The precise etiology of IBD remains unknown. Recently, haplotypes of peptidylarginine deiminase type 4 (PADI4) have been identified as the rheumatoid arthritis (RA)-susceptible gene. PADI4 is located at 1p36, which is one of chromosomal loci susceptible for IBD. Then, we examined whether haplotypes and diplotypes of PADI4 are associated with IBD in the Japanese population. We studied haplotypes of PADI4 in 114 patients with UC, 83 patients with CD, and 200 gender-matched healthy controls by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism. Frequencies and distributions of haplotypes and diplotypes were compared statistically between patients and controls by logistic regression analysis. The frequency of haplotype 1 was significantly decreased in patients with UC, compared to that in controls (P=0.037; odds ratio (OR)=0.702). In contrast, the frequency of haplotype 2 in patients with UC was significantly higher than that in controls (P=0.003; OR=1.722). Moreover, of a total of 114 patients with UC, 15 (13.2%) had a diplotype homozygous for haplotype 2, the frequency being significantly higher than in controls (9/200, 4.5%; P=0.008, OR=3.215). Our results indicate that haplotype 1 of PADI4 is associated with non-susceptibility to UC, whereas haplotype 2 is susceptible to UC. Thus, it is likely that PADI4 is one of genetic determinants of UC in the Japanese population

多様なリン配位子架橋を利用した反応性多核金属錯体の創製

研究期間:平成15-18年度 ; 研究種目:基盤研究B ; 課題番号:15350035原著には既発表論文の別刷を含む