Pseudo-classicism on Fujiwara no Tameie and Sustainability of Medieval Waka Poetry <Articles>

Waka poetry had a history of approximately 700 years from the latter half of the eighth century when Man'yo shu was completed to the middle of the fifteenth century when Shinshoku-kokin waka shu, the last official anthology by the imperial order, was compiled. Moreover, waka was kept alive until the early modern era. The reason for such sustainability can be found in classicism in medieval waka, established by FUJIWARA no Tameie (1198-1275). Tameie developed a method of reusing old poetry and fixed the compositional idea of mezurashi. He valued the method called koka wo toru, which means reusing old words without representing the content composed in the old poem, and found an unexpectedness on construction of old words. In the contemporary research on waka, Tameie's classicism is often regarded as "pseudo-classicism" and despised in terms of creative value attached to the composition. From the viewpoint of collective composition, however, the pseudo-classic aspects have the significance of extending poetic construction by constantly renewing the distribution of hackneyed phrases. Tameie's pseudo-classicism enabled waka poetry to be a sustainable system

幼児期における運動遊びと体育指導に関する一考察

幼児期における体育指導の基本は幼児の行動能力を高めることにあると考えられる。この時期に得た行動能力は，その後の児童期・青年期へとつながり，一生を支配することになるといえる。幼児期における行動能力の多くは「運動遊び」によって獲得することは周知の事実であり，行動能力は行動観察や運動能力テストにより，獲得の量および質を知るのが一般的である。しかし，この時期の運動能力は経年に従い直線的に増大するが，4歳までの発達は未分化で性差がみられないこと，体格，年齢の要素は低年齢ほど運動能力への影響が大きいこと，日常生活における運動的遊びの質や量と体格，運動能力との間には相関が見られること等，から行動観察や運動能力テストに加え，身体的特性や遊び環境を含めた幼児の生活全般を総合的にとらえ，体育指導を行うことは，将来の満足できる成長・発達による健康的な生活実現への基礎づくりとして重要であると考える。そこで新潟県南西部に位置するA市（人口約3万人）の保育園に通う4歳児から6歳児（276名－895名）を対象に体格，体型，基礎運動能力，遊び環境，等を横断的，縦断的に調査し，その分析結果から，幼児期における発育・発達の適時性に合致した体育指導の基本的な考え方について検討し，次のような知見を得た。1．運動遊びは個々の活動を大切にしながら、行動力を高める指導が大切である。2．体格・体型は自らの行動力を高める積極的な因子と行動力を制限する消極的な因子を持っていることから，個々の得意な運動パターンを軸に行動力を高める指導が大切である。3．運動能力の獲得は，指導者の幼児に対する見方や運動能力に対する考え方が強く影響する。4．指導者は遊び環境の安全性に配慮しながら，工夫された人工的空間や自然的空間で、多くの仲間と自由に多様な遊びができるよう援助することが大切である。It is fundamental in physical education instraction to enhance motor ability. Motor ability which acquired in infancy affect for the rest of one\u27s life. It is true that many of motor ability in infancy are gained in "playing activity". And we can measure their quantity and quality by observing activities and taking the test of motor ability. Motor ability show linear increase with aging in this term. However, 1) Development of children doesn\u27t specialize by four years old. 2) Plysique affects motor ability stronger in younger age. 3) There is a correlation between quantity and quality of playing activity and physique, or motor activity in daily life. Observing activities and taking the test of motor ability, we have to take child\u27s life as a total one which consists of physical characteristics, environment surrounding children. And it is important for children\u27s healthy life in the future to do physical education instruction from the points of view. In this paper, we invistigated physique, body type, fundamental motor ability, environment at play ground about 276-895 pre-school children (3 - 6 years old). The results are as follows : 1) It is important for instruction of playing activity to enhance motor ability as we think about significance of each activity. 2) Physique and body type have two factors, One is to enhance motor ability and another is to restrict it. Therefore, instruction to enhance motor ability based on each child\u27s favorite motor patterns. 3) Instructor\u27s way of thinking against pre-school children and motor ability strongly affects acquisition of child\u27s motor ability. 4) The point of instruction is to help children playing diverse activities freely with friends in a planed space

Kreativität des Findens – Figurationen des Zitats

Manche Zitate sucht man nicht, sondern sie werden gefunden, wie man unversehens über einen Stein oder eine Baumwurzel stolpert. Solche Zufälle der Zitation ergeben Figuren des Ein- und Verrückens von Bedeutung, insofern Zitate immer zwischen Aussagekontexten, zwischen Texten stehen. Denn nicht der Urheber, den die Zitation zuschreibt, spricht, sondern der Zitierende, indem er seine eigene Autorschaft einklammert. Von hier aus ist der Titel einer ›Kreativität des Findens‹ gedacht. Theoretische oder systematische Aspekte einer Kreatologie sind weniger intendiert, wenngleich der Ansatz bei der konkreten Figur fürs Grundsätzliche offen ist – zumal bei ›ästhetischen Objekten‹, dem Gegenstandsbereich dieses Bandes. Das was Robert Musil ›induktive Gesinnung‹ nannte, ist hier Voraussetzung der Erschließung, denn ohne Insistenz des Beispiels gegenüber dem Gesetz entfällt die Relevanz des ästhetischen Objekts. – Drei Bereiche strukturieren den Band nach grundständigen Figuren des Zitats, Perspektiven einer Philologie des Zitats mit Blick auf literarische Zitation und nach Randgängen des Zitats mit medienspezifischen Problemstellungen; der Popliterat Thomas Meinecke erläutert seine Kreativität des Findens als literarisches Sampling

On the origin and evolution of the asteroid Ryugu: A comprehensive geochemical perspective

Presented here are the observations and interpretations from a comprehensive analysis of 16 representative particles returned from the C-type asteroid Ryugu by the Hayabusa2 mission. On average Ryugu particles consist of 50% phyllosilicate matrix, 41% porosity and 9% minor phases, including organic matter. The abundances of 70 elements from the particles are in close agreement with those of CI chondrites. Bulk Ryugu particles show higher δ18O, Δ17O, and ε54Cr values than CI chondrites. As such, Ryugu sampled the most primitive and least-thermally processed protosolar nebula reservoirs. Such a finding is consistent with multi-scale H-C-N isotopic compositions that are compatible with an origin for Ryugu organic matter within both the protosolar nebula and the interstellar medium. The analytical data obtained here, suggests that complex soluble organic matter formed during aqueous alteration on the Ryugu progenitor planetesimal (several 10’s of km), <2.6 Myr after CAI formation. Subsequently, the Ryugu progenitor planetesimal was fragmented and evolved into the current asteroid Ryugu through sublimation

The whole blood transcriptional regulation landscape in 465 COVID-19 infected samples from Japan COVID-19 Task Force

「コロナ制圧タスクフォース」COVID-19患者由来の血液細胞における遺伝子発現の網羅的解析 --重症度に応じた遺伝子発現の変化には、ヒトゲノム配列の個人差が影響する--. 京都大学プレスリリース. 2022-08-23.Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a recently-emerged infectious disease that has caused millions of deaths, where comprehensive understanding of disease mechanisms is still unestablished. In particular, studies of gene expression dynamics and regulation landscape in COVID-19 infected individuals are limited. Here, we report on a thorough analysis of whole blood RNA-seq data from 465 genotyped samples from the Japan COVID-19 Task Force, including 359 severe and 106 non-severe COVID-19 cases. We discover 1169 putative causal expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) including 34 possible colocalizations with biobank fine-mapping results of hematopoietic traits in a Japanese population, 1549 putative causal splice QTLs (sQTLs; e.g. two independent sQTLs at TOR1AIP1), as well as biologically interpretable trans-eQTL examples (e.g., REST and STING1), all fine-mapped at single variant resolution. We perform differential gene expression analysis to elucidate 198 genes with increased expression in severe COVID-19 cases and enriched for innate immune-related functions. Finally, we evaluate the limited but non-zero effect of COVID-19 phenotype on eQTL discovery, and highlight the presence of COVID-19 severity-interaction eQTLs (ieQTLs; e.g., CLEC4C and MYBL2). Our study provides a comprehensive catalog of whole blood regulatory variants in Japanese, as well as a reference for transcriptional landscapes in response to COVID-19 infection

DOCK2 is involved in the host genetics and biology of severe COVID-19

「コロナ制圧タスクフォース」COVID-19疾患感受性遺伝子DOCK2の重症化機序を解明 --アジア最大のバイオレポジトリーでCOVID-19の治療標的を発見--. 京都大学プレスリリース. 2022-08-10.Identifying the host genetic factors underlying severe COVID-19 is an emerging challenge. Here we conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) involving 2, 393 cases of COVID-19 in a cohort of Japanese individuals collected during the initial waves of the pandemic, with 3, 289 unaffected controls. We identified a variant on chromosome 5 at 5q35 (rs60200309-A), close to the dedicator of cytokinesis 2 gene (DOCK2), which was associated with severe COVID-19 in patients less than 65 years of age. This risk allele was prevalent in East Asian individuals but rare in Europeans, highlighting the value of genome-wide association studies in non-European populations. RNA-sequencing analysis of 473 bulk peripheral blood samples identified decreased expression of DOCK2 associated with the risk allele in these younger patients. DOCK2 expression was suppressed in patients with severe cases of COVID-19. Single-cell RNA-sequencing analysis (n = 61 individuals) identified cell-type-specific downregulation of DOCK2 and a COVID-19-specific decreasing effect of the risk allele on DOCK2 expression in non-classical monocytes. Immunohistochemistry of lung specimens from patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia showed suppressed DOCK2 expression. Moreover, inhibition of DOCK2 function with CPYPP increased the severity of pneumonia in a Syrian hamster model of SARS-CoV-2 infection, characterized by weight loss, lung oedema, enhanced viral loads, impaired macrophage recruitment and dysregulated type I interferon responses. We conclude that DOCK2 has an important role in the host immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection and the development of severe COVID-19, and could be further explored as a potential biomarker and/or therapeutic target