523 research outputs found

    Animal Models of MS Reveal Multiple Roles of Microglia in Disease Pathogenesis

    Get PDF
    Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a progressive inflammatory and demyelinating disease that affects more than 2.5 million people worldwide every year. Current therapies use mostly disease-modifying drugs, focusing on blocking and regulating systemic functions and the central nervous system (CNS) infiltration of immune cells; however, these therapies only attenuate or delay MS symptoms, but are not effective in halting the disease progression. More recent evidence indicated that regulation of inflammation within the CNS might be a better way to approach the treatment of the disease and microglia, the resident immune cells, may be a promising target of therapeutic studies. Microglia activation classically accompanies MS development, and regulation of microglia function changes the outcome of the disease. In this paper, we review the contributions of microglia to MS pathogenesis and discuss microglial functions in antigen presentation, cytokine release, and phagocytosis. We describe data both from animal and human studies. The significant impact of the timing, intensity, and differentiation fate of activated microglia is discussed, as they can modulate MS outcomes and potentially be critically modified for future therapeutic studies

    Recovery from ICH – Potential Targets

    Get PDF

    A Functional Role for Microglia in Epilepsy

    Get PDF

    Tuftsin Promotes an Anti-Inflammatory Switch and Attenuates Symptoms in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

    Get PDF
    Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating autoimmune disease mediated by infiltration of T cells into the central nervous system after compromise of the blood-brain barrier. We have previously shown that administration of tuftsin, a macrophage/microglial activator, dramatically improves the clinical course of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a well-established animal model for MS. Tuftsin administration correlates with upregulation of the immunosuppressive Helper-2 Tcell (Th2) cytokine transcription factor GATA-3. We now show that tuftsin-mediated microglial activation results in shifting microglia to an anti-inflammatory phenotype. Moreover, the T cell phenotype is shifted towards immunoprotection after exposure to tuftsin-treated activated microglia; specifically, downregulation of pro-inflammatory Th1 responses is triggered in conjunction with upregulation of Th2-specific responses and expansion of immunosuppressive regulatory T cells (Tregs). Finally, tuftsin-shifted T cells, delivered into animals via adoptive transfer, reverse the pathology observed in mice with established EAE. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that tuftsin decreases the proinflammatory environment of EAE and may represent a therapeutic opportunity for treatment of MS

    Neurogenic to Gliogenic Fate Transition Perturbed by Loss of HMGB2

    Get PDF
    Mouse cortical development relies heavily on a delicate balance between neurogenesis and gliogenesis. The lateral ventricular zone produces different classes of excitatory pyramidal cells until just before birth, when the production of astroglia begins to prevail. Epigenetic control of this fate shift is of critical importance and chromatin regulatory elements driving neuronal or astroglial development play an vital role. Different classes of chromatin binding proteins orchestrate the transcriptional repression of neuronal-specific genes, while allowing for the activation of astrocyte-specific genes. Through proteomic analysis of embryonic neural progenitor cells (NPCs) our group had previously identified high mobility group B2 (HMGB2), a chromatin protein dynamically expressed throughout embryonic development. In the current study using cultures of perinatal NPCs from HMGB2+/+ and HMGB2-/- mice we discovered that vital elements of the polycomb group (PcG) epigenetic complexes polycomb repressive complexes 1 and 2 (PRC1/2) were downregulated during the differentiation process of HMGB2-null NPCs. These epigenetic changes led to downstream changes in specific histone modification levels, specifically the trimethylation of H3K27, and a subsequent shift in the perinatal neurogenesis to gliogenesis fate transition. Collectively these results demonstrate that chromatin binding proteins, such as HMGB2, can have significant effects on the epigenetic landscape of perinatal neural stem/progenitor cells

    Ζητήματα ευθύνης του διαχειριστή οργανισμού εναλλακτικών επενδύσεων

    Get PDF
    Δεδομένου ότι κατά το έτος 2020 οι Οργανισμοί Εναλλακτικών Επενδύσεων (ΟΕΕ) ξεπέρασαν τους 30.000 σε όλο τον ευρωπαϊκό χώρο, ενώ η καθαρή αξία του ενεργητικού τους ανέρχονταν στο ποσό των 5,9 τρισεκατομμυρίων ευρώ, δημιουργείται έντονο ενδιαφέρον σχετικά με το ρυθμιστικό πλαίσιο που διέπει τους ΔΟΕΕ/ΑΕΔΟΕΕ και ακολούθως την ευθύνη των εξαιτίας της αρμοδιότητάς τους ως διαχειριστές, τόσο έναντι των αρμοδίων εποπτικών αρχών (Επιτροπή Κεφαλαιαγοράς), όσο και ενδεχομένως έναντι του ίδιου του ΟΕΕ και των επενδυτών-μεριδιούχων του. Στη γενικότερη συζήτηση συμβάλλει και το γεγονός ότι εισήχθη με τον Ν. 4706/2020 μία νέα μορφή ΟΕΕ, διαχειριστής της οποίας ορίζεται η ΑΕΔΟΕΕ. Στην παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία παρουσιάζεται αρχικώς η έννοια του Οργανισμού Εναλλακτικών Επενδύσεων, όπως αυτή προκύπτει από τον ορισμό που δίδεται στο νόμο, καθώς και αντιπροσωπευτικών παραδειγμάτων επενδυτικών οντοτήτων που θεωρούνται ΟΕΕ. Στη συνέχεια, περιγράφονται οι δραστηριότητες του ΔΟΕΕ/της ΑΕΔΟΕΕ και αναλύονται οι υποχρεώσεις με τις οποίες πρέπει να συμμορφώνεται στο πλαίσιο των ως άνω δραστηριοτήτων του. Τέλος, επιχειρείται να απαντηθεί το ερώτημα, δεδομένης της έλλειψης σχετικής νομοθετικής ρύθμισης, εάν −υπό το πρίσμα του Ν. 4209/2013− υφίσταται ευθύνη της ΑΕΔΟΕΕ έναντι του ΟΕΕ και τον επενδυτών του. Ειδικότερα, διερευνάται εάν οι υποχρεώσεις με τις οποίες καλείται να συμμορφωθεί η ΑΕΔΟΕΕ −εκτός από εποπτικού δικαίου κανόνες, οι οποίοι συνεπάγονται την επιβολή διοικητικών κυρώσεων από την Επιτροπή Κεφαλαιαγοράς σε περίπτωση παράβασής τους− μπορούν να αποτελέσουν και τη βάση για θεμελίωση αστικής (αποζημιωτικής) ευθύνης της ΑΕΔΟΕΕ έναντι του ΟΕΕ και των επενδυτών του. Ακολούθως, ενόψει των αυξημένων κινδύνων που συνεπάγεται η δράση της (λ.χ. ριψοκίνδυνες επενδυτικές αποφάσεις, επενδύσεις με χαμηλή απόδοση, σύγκρουση συμφερόντων μεταξύ των εμπλεκομένων μερών κ.α.), εξετάζεται η πιθανότητα να θεμελιωθεί η αστική ευθύνη της ΑΕΔΟΕΕ, στις γενικές διατάξεις του αστικού δικαίου.Given that in the year 2020 the number of Alternative Investment Funds (AIFs) exceeded 30. 000 across Europe, while their net asset value amounted to EUR 5.9 trillion, there is a keen interest in the regulatory framework governing AIFMs and subsequently their liability due to their role as managers, both towards the competent supervisory authorities (Securities and Exchange Commission) and possibly towards the AIF itself and its unit-holders. This thesis first presents the term Alternative Investment Fund Organisation, as it is derived from the definition given in the law, as well as representative examples of investment entities that are considered AIFs. The activities of the AIFM are then described and the obligations with which the AIFM must comply in the context of the above activities are analysed. Finally, an attempt is made to answer the question, given the lack of relevant legislation, whether - in the light of Law 4209/2013 - the AIFM is liable towards the AIF and its investors. In particular, it is investigated whether the obligations with which the AIFM is required to comply - apart from the rules of supervisory law, which entail the imposition of administrative sanctions by the Hellenic Capital Market Commission in case of their violation - can also constitute the basis for establishing civil (compensatory) liability of the AIFE towards the AIF and its investors. Subsequently, in view of the increased risks involved in its activities (e.g. risky investment decisions, low-return investments, conflicts of interest between the parties involved, etc.), the possibility of basing the civil liability of the AIFM on the general provisions of civil law is examined

    Αντιλήψεις εκπαιδευτικών της γενικής Δευτεροβάθμιας εκπαίδευσης για τον εντοπισμό μαθησιακών δυσκολιών και την ικανότητά τους σε σχέση με τα παιδιά με μαθησιακές δυσκολίες

    Get PDF
    Η παρούσα εργασία έχει ως σκοπό να αναλύσει το θέμα των μαθησιακών δυσκολιών, καθώς και να διερευνήσει τους τρόπους με τους οποίους ο εκπαιδευτικός της γενικής Δευτεροβάθμιας εκπαίδευσης τις διακρίνει, καθώς και το ποια είναι η αντίληψη του για την ικανότητα του σε σχέση με τα παιδιά με μαθησιακές δυσκολίες. Το συγκεκριμένο απασχολεί εδώ και δεκαετίες τη διεθνή επιστημονική κοινότητα, ενώ σχετικά πιο πρόσφατο είναι το ενδιαφέρον της εγχώριας επιστημονικής και εκπαιδευτικής κοινότητας. Για αυτό το λόγο διενεργήθηκε μια ποσοτική έρευνα με ερευνητικό εργαλείο το δομημένο ερωτηματολόγιο, σε δείγμα 40 εκπαιδευτικών οι οποίοι υπηρετούν στη γενική Δευτεροβάθμια εκπαίδευση της χώρας. Η ανάλυση των απαντήσεων τους έδειξε ότι έχουν σχετικά μεγάλη εμπιστοσύνη στις ικανότητες τους να αναγνωρίσουν, αλλά να διδάξουν τους μαθητές που αντιμετωπίζουν μαθησιακές δυσκολίες, χωρίς όμως να έχουν λάβει την κατάλληλη εκπαίδευση.The purpose of this paper is to explore the ways in which the general secondary school teacher distinguish learning disabilities, as well as which are their perception concerning their ability regarding teaching to children with learning difficulties. This has been a major concern of the international scientific community for decades, While the interest of the domestic scientific and educational community, regarding leraning disabilities is relatively recent. For this reason, a quantitative survey was conducted with With a structured questionnaire as a research tool created for the purposes of this study in a sample of 40 teachers who serve in the general secondary education of the country. The analysis of their answers showed that they have relatively high confidence in their abilities to recognize and teach students with learning difficulties, without having received any appropriate training themselves

    Parry-Romberg Syndrome Associated with Localized Scleroderma

    Get PDF
    Parry-Romberg syndrome is a rare neurocutaneous disorder of unknown origin. It is characterized by progressive facial hemiatrophy and frequently overlaps with a condition known as linear scleroderma ‘en coup de sabre’. Neurological involvement is frequently described in these patients, including migraine, facial pain and epilepsy, which represent the commonest neurological conditions, sometimes associated with brain abnormalities ipsilaterally to the skin lesions. We present a case of Parry-Romberg syndrome with neurological involvement in a patient with diagnosed localized scleroderma (morphea)
    corecore