Some Anti-Heretic Fragments in the 14th Century Bulgarian Canon Law Miscellanies

It is well known that the major anti-heretic written source from the Second Bulgarian Empire is the Tsar Boril’s Synodicon, proved to have been compiled to serve the Synod against the Bogomils, convened in Tărnovo in 1211. However, the subsequent century is also marked by the anti- heretic line in various types of manuscripts which shape the image of the so called Second Golden Age of the Bulgarian literature and culture. The reign of John Alexander (1331–1371) is reputed to be the richest period of compiling miscellanies – encyclopedic, ascetic, and monastic, or for individual reading of the royal family and court. An important account of them is the manuscripts of legal content which vary from functional guides with Canon Law rules to complex compilations of material from diverse sources. They deserve to be investigated not only as a part of the cultural system but also as principal evidences how the mechanism of regulation in the tripartite relationship Law- Society-Culture has functioned. The latest discoveries and the up to day of the catalogued database of Slavonic manuscripts in the Bulgarian repositories and the Russian libraries proved the undisputable role of the Middle Bulgarian written tradition as transmitter of the official attitude against every deviation from the Orthodoxy in three main areas: 1. the traditional so called Christological heresies; 2. the heterodox dualist doctrines of Manicheans, Massalians and Paulicians, including Bogomils; 3. the Latins

Лингвокултурологична интерпретация на турцизмите в християнски религиозни текстове

One of the most important tendencies in the lexis of the Bulgarian language during the Ottoman period is the interference of foreign lexis and in particular the so-called turcisms or osmanisms. The article examines the connotative function of selected Turkish borrowings in the Synaxary Life of St. George the New of Sofia. One of its copies from the town of Elena, of the early 18th century, is a deliberate adaptation of an unknown writer who introduced Turkish terms for denoting specific realities in order to achieve a consciously sought authenticity and plausibility of the story, and to restore the emotional perception of George’s martyrdom two centuries after the event. Although moving away from the original, the Elena copy contributes to the deepening of the message of the literary work thus making it more accessible to the common reader through the use of meaningful details.Lingwistyczno-kulturowa interpretacja turcyzmów w chrześcijańskich tekstach religijnychJedną z najważniejszych tendencji obserwowanych w leksyce języka bułgarskiego w okresie osmańskim jest obecność obcego słownictwa, zwłaszcza tzw. turcyzmów lub osmanizmów. W artykule omówiono funkcję konotacyjną kilku tureckich zapożyczeń w Żywocie prologowym św. Jerzego Nowego Sofijskiego. Jeden z jego odpisów, zwany Elenskim, pochodzący z początku XVIII wieku, jest adaptacją nieznanego autora. W celu uaktualnienia emocjonalnego postrzegania męczeństwa, które miało miejsce dwa wieki temu oraz w dążeniu do autentyczności i wiarygodności opowieści, zostały do niej wprowadzone tureckie określenia elementów ówczesnej rzeczywistości. Dzięki tej przeróbce tekst, choć oddalił się od oryginału, stał się bardziej zrozumiały dla przeciętnego czytelnika, a przesłanie dzieła zostało pogłębione

Пища и аксиология в двух текстах молдавского сборника Ms.Slav. BAR 649, XVI века

Статията разглежда два диетични календара с псевдоатрибуция на цар Соломон в молдовския Тулчански сборник, XVI век, от Библиотеката на Румънската академия в Букурещ. Техният оригинален текст на стара кирилица се възпроизвежда за пръв път. Авторката си поставя задачата да изведе семантиката на хранителните предписания като проява на аксиологични критерии на средновековния човек, повлияни от медицински, естественонаучни, предсказателни, битови познания и практики, както да проследи езиковите особености и функцията на текстовете. Един немаловажен въпрос е как техният жанр и тематика ги вписват в състава на сборници със смесен състав от типа „монашески енциклопедии“. Затова с особено внимание се разисква жанровата им специфика и отношението към типове храни като амалгама от антични медицински представи и средновековни рационални схващания, които, за разлика от други текстове, не се ръководят от нормите на християнския култ и поста. Изразява се хипотеза за принципите на компилацията и ролята на антропонима Соломон като свързващ елемент в различни части на сборника. Обособяването на локален молдовски тип сборници със смесен състав, към който принадлежи BAR 649, позволява да се проследи как се съхраняват забележителни произведения на среднобългарската книжнина, как се наследява и продължава културата на сборниците, характерна през XIV–XV в. за Балканите.The article focuses on two dietary calendars with pseudo-attribution to Tsar Solomon in the 16th-century Moldavian Tulcea Miscellanyfrom the Library of the Romanian Academy in Bucharest. Their original text in Old Cyrillic is reproduced for the first time. The author sets the task to reveal the semantics of food prescriptions as a manifestation of the axiological criteria of the medieval man, influenced by medical, naturally scientific, predictive, daily knowledge and practices, as well as to trace the language peculiarities and functionality of the texts. An important issue is how the texts’ genre and themes fit into the mixed-content miscellanies of a type of monastic encyclopedias. Therefore, their genre specificity is discussed, with particular attention to the attitude towards food. This attitude appears to be an amalgam of ancient medical and medieval rational concepts, which, unlike other texts, are not guided by the norms of the Christian worship or fast. A hypothesis is made about the principles of the compilation in the miscellany and the role of the anthroponym Solomon as a linking element in different parts of it. The establishing of a local Moldavian type mixed-content miscellanies to which BAR649 belongs, allows to clarify how remarkable works of the Middle Bulgarian literature were kept and how the culture of miscellanies, typical for the Balkans in the 14th–15th centuries, was inherited and continued.DOI: 10.31168/2305-6754.2019.8.2.5В статье рассматриваются два диетических календаря с псевдоатрибуцией царя Соломона в молдавском Тулчанском сборнике XVI века из Библиотеки Румынской Академии в Бухаресте. Тексты воспроизводятся в первый раз в оригинале на старой кириллице. Автор ставит перед собой задачу выяснить семантику диетических предписаний как проявление аксиологических критериев средневекового человека под влиянием медицинских, естественнонаучных, прогностических, повседневных знаний и практик, а также проанализировать языковые особенности и функции текстов. Важным вопросом является то, как их жанр и содержание вписываются в сборники смешанного состава типа монашеских энциклопедий. Поэтому особое внимание уделяется их жанровой специфике и отношению к пище. Здесь усматривается смешение античных медицинских представлений и средневековых рациональных концепций, которые, в отличие от других текстов, не регулируются нормами христианского культа и поста. Выражается гипотеза о принципах компиляции и роли антропонима Соломон в качестве связующего элемента в разных частях сборника. Формирование локального молдавского типа сборников смешанного состава, к которому относится BAR 649, позволяет проследить, как сохранились замечательные произведения среднеболгарской литературы, как унаследована и продолжена культура сборников, характерная для XIV–XV веков на Балканах.DOI: 10.31168/2305-6754.2019.8.2.

Itineraries of Medieval Slavic Legal Texts: Byzantine “Farmer’s Law” in Ms. Slav. 466 from Hilandar Monastery

The author aims to summarize, analyze, and supplement the knowledge about the Slavic copy of the Byzantine Farmer’s Law in Ms. Slav 466 from Hilandar monastery, second quarter of the 15th century. It has long been in the focus of Serbian philology and history of law. The current observations refer to the following spheres: the relationship between text and manuscript, the axiological significance of precedential texts in culture, the importance of this copy for Byzantine-Slavic interactions in the legal system, the uninterrupted cultural role of Holly Mountain’s monasteries for Eastern Christian culture. The Slavic copy of the “Farmer’s Law” in Hil. 466 is unique by structure and peculiarities. The manuscript testifies to the only known combination of the Farmer’s Law and the Prochiron in the South Slavic tradition. It is hypothesized that this combination was a conscious choice of the compilers of the collection influenced by tendencies in the post-Byzantine tradition. It corresponded to the strong anti-heretical line of the overall manuscript, inherited from the struggles against heresies on Mount Athos in the 14th century. The manuscript is a typical monastic miscellany. The linguistic nature of the “Farmer‘s Law” copy reveals its undoubted South-Slavic character, without russification, strongly influenced from the Greek protograph. Copy and translation may probably be of close chronology. Owing to being a precedential text, the Slavonic copy of the “Farmer’s Law” in Ms. Slav. 466 holds a special place in the attempts of reconstructing the stages and processes of reception of the Byzantine juridical legacy among South Slavs, of establishing the geographic-areal scope and the cultural itineraries of the spread of this text

Food and Axiology According to Two Texts in the 16th century Moldavian miscellany Ms.Slav. BAR 649

The article focuses on two dietary calendars with pseudo-attribution to Tsar Solomon in the 16th-century Moldavian Tulcea Miscellanyfrom the Library of the Romanian Academy in Bucharest. Their original text in Old Cyrillic is reproduced for the first time. The author sets the task to reveal the semantics of food prescriptions as a manifestation of the axiological criteria of the medieval man, influenced by medical, naturally scientific, predictive, daily knowledge and practices, as well as to trace the language peculiarities and functionality of the texts. An important issue is how the texts’ genre and themes fit into the mixed-content miscellanies of a type of monastic encyclopedias. Therefore, their genre specificity is discussed, with particular attention to the attitude towards food. This attitude appears to be an amalgam of ancient medical and medieval rational concepts, which, unlike other texts, are not guided by the norms of the Christian worship or fast. A hypothesis is made about the principles of the compilation in the miscellany and the role of the anthroponym Solomon as a linking element in different parts of it. The establishing of a local Moldavian type mixed-content miscellanies to which BAR649 belongs, allows to clarify how remarkable works of the Middle Bulgarian literature were kept and how the culture of miscellanies, typical for the Balkans in the 14th–15th centuries, was inherited and continued. DOI: 10.31168/2305-6754.2019.8.2.

The Image of the Town: Medieval Sofia in Original Bulgarian Works from the 16th Century

The paper follows out the way of denomination and description of Sofia town in manuscripts from different genre during the period of the 15th –17th centuries, namely: the original hagiographic and hymnographic works of the men of letters from the 16th century Sofia literary school; the bedrolls; some marginal notes. This type of sources is rich enough not only for shaping the image of the town according to the linguistic evidences it was depicted with, but for making some general conclusions about its place in the so called “linguistic world view” as a semiotic model for approaching the lifestyle, the spiritual culture and the Bulgarian ethnic consciousness during the Ottoman domination. The chosen frame of time is not hazardous. It was a transitory period for both naming process and the creation of a new cultural situation, when the ideological and political dominant of the medieval town (the capital in particular) as an incarnation of the ruler’s institution has been already changed. Moreover, with the fall of Constantinople in 1453 the very Byzantine prototype of the town-mother and the spiritual center of the Orthodox world were destroyed. It is a matter of scholarly interest to give an idea on how another, different (new) model of the town was created in the Bulgarian cultural space to replace the past glorious vision, and how it reproduced the tradition. Briefly, how does the text create an image? It is a way to introduce the notion of hierotopy and its language in the original Bulgarian works of the given period. The specifically Bulgarian material inscribes itself in the common typological frames of the Balkan medieval culture in Ottoman times. The paradigm of holiness and the formation of the holly space require those aspects to be carried out in the light of the complex interdependency between the text, the image and the historical context – a binding triad that will be the base for the attending presentation

Живото знание за средновековното ръкописно наследство

A review of: Ivanova, Klimentina. Manuscripts. Authors. Texts. Krakowsko-Wileńskie Studia Slawistyczne. Tom 14. Krakow: Scriptum Tomasz Sekunda, 2018, 563 pp. ISBN 978-83-66084-15-5. [In Bulgarian: Иванова, Климентина. Ръкописи. Автори. Творби. Krakowsko-Wileńskie Studia Slawistyczne. Tom 14. Kraków: Scriptum Tomasz Sekunda, 2018, 563 стр.]Recenzja książki: Ivanova, Klimentina. Manuscripts. Authors. Texts. Krakowsko-Wilenskie Studia Slawistyczne. Tom 14. Krakow: Scriptum Tomasz Sekunda, 2018, 563 pp. ISBN 978-83-66084-15-5 [In Bulgarian: Иванова, Климентина. Ръкописи. Автори. Творби. Krakowsko-Wileńskie Studia Slawistyczne. Tom 14. Kraków: Scriptum Tomasz Sekunda, 2018, 563 стр.

An Evaluation of Kinetic Parameters of Cadmium and Copper Biosorption by Immobilized Cells

Bioremediation is the use of living organisms to reduce or eliminate environmental hazards resulting from the accumulation of toxic chemicals and other hazardous wastes. This technology is based on the utilization of microorganisms to transform organic and inorganic compounds. The filamentous yeast Trichosporon cutaneum strain R57, immobilized and free cells was cultivated as batch culture on a liquid medium in the presence of various concentrations of cadmium and copper ions. The simultaneous uptake and accumulation of Cd2+ and Cu2+ ions by Tr. cutaneum cells depending on the initial concentration of Cd2+ and Cu2+ in the medium were studied. The potential use of the free and immobilized cells of Trichosporon cutaneum to remove cadmium and copper ions, from aqueous solutions was evaluated. Two important physicochemical aspects for the evaluation of the sorption process as a unit operation are the equilibrium of sorption and the kinetics. The Cd2+ and Cu2+ ions biosorption capacities of all tested adsorbent were presented as a function of the initial concentration of metal ions within the aqueous biosorption medium. The individual, as well as bicomponent sorption kinetics of copper and cadmium ions by immobilised cells of Trichosporon cutaneum R57 is presented. A second order kinetic model obtains kinetic parameters for the copper and cadmium ions

АБАГАРЪТ НА ФИЛИП СТАНИСЛАВОВ: ОТ АРТЕФАК ТА КЪМ ЕЗИКОВИЯ РЕСУРС

Filip Stanislavov’s Abagar was and remains the object of various research studies in the fields of history, philology, book printing, Catholic propaganda, etc. The last 5 years have contributed to the overall studying record of this first printed book with elements of modern Bulgarian. How to promote a new rendition of the text, how to celebrate the anniversary of Abagar’s publication, how to present the existing phototypic editions, translations, digitalised version, as well as the long lasting scholarly tradition on Abagar? The article aims to offer a preliminary answer to the more general question on how the old written sources could and should become language resources.Abagar Filipa Stanisławowa pozostaje obiektem różnorodnych badań naukowych w sferze historii, filologii, sztuki drukarskiej, propagandy katolickiej itd. Ostatnie 5 lat poszerzyły obszar badań nad pierwszej drukowanej książki zawierającej elementy nowoczesnego bułgarskiego języka poprzez znaczące wkłady badaczy. W jaki sposób promować nowe wersje tekstu, obchodzić 360-tą rocznicę jego publikacji, jak optymalnie przedstawiać wydania fototypiczne, przekłady, zdigitalizowane wersje w świetle długiej tradycji badawczej Abagara? Niniejszy artykuł proponuje kilka wstępnych odpowiedzi na szersze pytanie jak stare dokumenty piśmiennictwa mogą i powinny pełnić funkcję zasobów językowych

Вечные темы православия: Патриарх Евфимий и Евфимий Зигабен об иконоборчестве (языковые аспекты)

Авторът си поставя за цел да анализира езиковото изражение на иконоборството, отразено в „Похвалното слово за Йоан Поливотски“ от Патриарх Евтимий и титула Κατὰ εἰκονομάχων от славянския превод на „Паноплия Догматика“ на Евтимий Зигавин. Двата източника се отличават със специфични черти за всеки от тях, което изключва възможността за търсене на пряка езиково-текстологична съотносимост, но позволява да се говори за обща тематична рамка и общи езикови тенденции. Творбата на Патриарх Евтимий се стреми да постигне морално-политическо единство пред османската заплаха за Балканите. Преводът на „Паноплията“ в началото на XV в. е духовен отговор на атонското монашество в същия исторически момент. Актуализацията на темата за иконоборството именно през втората половина на XIV в. — началото на XV в. не е случайна. Книжовното наследство на православието винаги е било всеоръжие в отстояването на духовните ценности и фактор в консолидацията между народ, владетел и религия в превратни исторически моменти. За доказване на тази теза се правят лексикални сравнения в лексикона срещу иконоборството от двете творби по ключови семантични полета: наименования на иконоборците, семантичните редове икона-идол; думи термини, сложни думи и др. Като приложение се издава наборният текст на единствения запазен препис от титула за иконоборците в славянски превод по ръкопис Ms. Slav. BAR 296 от Библиотеката на Румънската академия.DOI: 10.31168/2305-6754.2022.11.2.4Целью статьи является анализ лингвистического выражения иконоборчества, отраженного в «Слове похвальном Иоанну Поливотскому» Патриарха Евфимия и в титуле Κατὰ εἰκονομάχων из славянского перевода «Паноплии догматики» Евфимия Зигабена. Для каждого из двух источников характерны особенности, что исключает возможность поиска прямой лингвистекстологической корреляции, но позволяет говорить об общих тематических рамках и общих лингвистических тенденциях. Слово Патриарха Евфимия направлено на достижение морального и политического единства перед лицом Османской угрозы Балканам. Перевод Паноплии в начале XV века — это духовный отклик афонского монашества того же исторического момента. Актуализация темы иконоборчества во второй половине XIV — начале XV века не случайна. Литературное наследие православия всегда было орудием защиты духовных ценностей и фактором консолидации людей, правителя и религии в сложные исторические моменты. Для подтверждения этого тезиса делаются лексические сравнения в лексиконе против иконоборчества двух произведений, сгрупированные по ключевым семантическим полям: названия иконоборцев, семантические ряды икона-идол; слова-термины, сложные слова и т. д. В качестве приложения публикуется единственная сохранившаяся копия титула иконоборцев в славянском переводе из рукописи Ms. Slav. BAR 296 в библиотеке Румынской академии.DOI: 10.31168/2305-6754.2022.11.2.